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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 12 November 2022 .
"Turkomania" redirects here. For other uses, see Turkomania (disambiguation) .
Not to be confused with Turkestan , Turkey , or Turkmeneli .
Türkmenistan / Түркменистан ( Turkmen )
Further information: Turkmenization
Further information: Sports in Turkmenistan
^ " "Turkmenistan is the motherland of Neutrality" is the motto of 2020 | Chronicles of Turkmenistan" . En.hronikatm.com. 28 December 2019 . Retrieved 26 May 2020 .
^ "Turkmen parliament places Year 2020 under national motto "Turkmenistan – Homeland of Neutrality" – tpetroleum" . Turkmenpetroleum.com. 29 December 2019. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020 . Retrieved 26 May 2020 .
^ Jump up to: a b "Turkmenistan's Constitution of 2008" (PDF) .
^ "Turkmenistan" . 3 August 2022.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Turkmenistan" . The World Factbook . United States Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 25 November 2013 .
^ Jump up to: a b "Dual Citizenship" . Ashgabat: U.S. Embassy in Turkmenistan . Retrieved 23 May 2020 .
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Gore, Hayden (2007). "Totalitarianism: The Case of Turkmenistan" (PDF) . Human Rights & Human Welfare . Denver : Josef Korbel School of International Studies (Human Rights in Russia and the Former Soviet Republics): 107–116. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 February 2020 . Retrieved 29 June 2021 .
Williamson, Hugh (24 March 2022). "The internet is crucial" . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved 4 May 2022 . Turkmenistan stands out as a totalitarian state. It gives absolutely no scope to dissident opinions and independent media. The regime censors the internet heavily.
Horák, Slavomír; Šír, Jan (March 2009). Dismantling totalitarianism?: Turkmenistan under Berdimuhamedow (PDF) . Washington, D.C. : Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies . ISBN 9789185937172 .
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Stronski, Paul (30 January 2017). "Turkmenistan at Twenty-Five: The High Price of Authoritarianism" (PDF) . Washington, D.C. : Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . Retrieved 4 May 2022 .
^ "Turkmenistan approves new constitution to increase president's powers" . PravdaReport . 26 September 2008.
^ Государственный комитет Туркменистана по статистике : Информация о Туркменистане: О Туркменистане Archived 7 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine : Туркменистан — одна из пяти стран Центральной Азии, вторая среди них по площади (491,21 тысяч км2), расположен в юго-западной части региона в зоне пустынь, севернее хребта Копетдаг Туркмено-Хорасанской горной системы, между Каспийским морем на западе и рекой Амударья на востоке.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d "Turkmenistan" . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 2 June 2016 .
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^ Tharoor, Kanishk (2016). "LOST CITIES #5: HOW THE MAGNIFICENT CITY OF MERV WAS RAZED – AND NEVER RECOVERED" . The Guardian . Once the world's biggest city, the Silk Road metropolis of Merv in modern Turkmenistan destroyed by Genghis Khan's son and the Mongols in AD1221 with an estimated 700,000 deaths.
^ "BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019" (PDF) . p. 30.
^ "Turkmen ruler ends free power, gas, water – World News" . Hürriyet Daily News .
^ AA, DAILY SABAH WITH (17 November 2021). " 'Turkmenistan's new status in Turkic States significant development' " . Daily Sabah . Retrieved 23 February 2022 .
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^ Jump up to: a b "Russians 'flee' Turkmenistan" . BBC News . 20 June 2003 . Retrieved 25 November 2013 .
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^ "As Expected, Son Of Turkmen Leader Easily Wins Election In Familial Transfer Of Power" . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty . Retrieved 28 March 2022 .
^ "Turkmenistan: Autocrat president's son claims landslide win" . Deutsche Welle . 15 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 March 2022 .
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^ Zuev, Yury (2002). Early Türks: Essays on history and ideology . Almatý: Daik-Press. p. 157.
^ US Library of Congress Country Studies. "Turkmenistan" .
^ "Ibn Kathir al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya" . (in Arabic)
^ "Constitutional Law of Turkmenistan on independence and the fundamentals of the state organisation of Turkmenistan" ; Ведомости Меджлиса Туркменистана", № 15, page 152 – 27 October 1991. Retrieved from the Database of Legislation of Turkmenistan, OSCE Centre in Ashgabat.
^ "Independence of Turkmenia Declared After a Referendum" ; The New York Times – 28 October 1991. Retrieved on 16 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak "Country Profile: Turkmenistan" (PDF) . Library of Congress Federal Research Division. February 2007 . Retrieved 25 November 2013 .
^ Аннанепесов (Annanepesov), М. (M.) (2000). Gundogdyyev, Ovez (ed.). "Серахское сражение 1855 года (Историко-культурное наследие Туркменистана)" [Serakhs Battle of 1855 (Historical and Cultural Heritage of Turkmenistan)] (in Russian). Istanbul: UNDP.
^ Казем-Заде (Kazem-Zade), Фируз (Firuz) (2017). Борьба за влияние в Персии. Дипломатическое противостояние России и Англии [ Struggle for Influence in Persia. Diplomatic Confrontation between Russia and England ] (in Russian). Центрполиграф (Centrpoligraph). ISBN 978-5457028937 .
^ MacGahan, Januarius (1874). "Campaigning on the Oxus, and the fall of Khiva" . New York: Harper & Brothers.
^ Глуховской (Glukhovskoy), А. (1873). "О положении дел в Аму Дарьинском бассейне" [On the State of Affairs in the Amu Darya Basin] (in Russian).
^ Paul R. Spickard (2005). Race and Nation: Ethnic Systems in the Modern World . Routledge. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-415-95003-9 .
^ Scott Cameron Levi (January 2002). The Indian Diaspora in Central Asia and Its Trade: 1550–1900 . BRILL. p. 68. ISBN 978-90-04-12320-5 .
^ Аннанепесов (Annanepesov), М. (M.) (2000). "Ахалтекинские экспедиции (Историко-культурное наследие Туркменистана)" [Akhal-Teke Expeditions (Historical and Cultural Heritage of Turkmenistan)] (in Russian). UNDP.
^ Muradov, Ruslan (13 May 2021). "История Ашхабада: время больших перемен" (in Russian). «Туркменистан: золотой век».
^ "Comments for the significant earthquake" . Significant Earthquake Database . National Geophysical Data Center . Retrieved 12 June 2015 .
^ Horák, Slavomír; Šír, Jan (March 2009). Dismantling Totalitarianism? Turkmenistan under Berdimuhamedow (PDF) . Washington, D.C.: Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-91 85937-17-2 .
^ "Turkmenistan president wins election with 96.9% of vote" . theguardian.com . London. 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 25 November 2013 .
^ Putz, Catherine (14 February 2017). "Turkmenistan, Apparently, Had an Election" . The Diplomat.
^ "Turkmenistan leader's son wins presidential election" . AP NEWS . Associated Press . 15 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 .
^ "Serdar Berdimuhamedov sworn in as Turkmenistan's new president" . www.aa.com.tr .
^ Turkmenistan Country Study Guide Volume 1 . Washington DC: International Business Publications. 2011. ISBN 9781438749082 .
^ "Turkmenistan's road police detain vehicles of all colours except white" . Chronicles of Turkmenistan . 7 January 2018 . Retrieved 4 November 2021 .
^ Sergeev, Angel (12 January 2018). "Turkmenistan Bans All Non-White Cars From Capital" . motor1.com . Retrieved 4 February 2021 .
^ "Turkmenistan Politics" . The Economist Intelligence Unit .
^ "Turkmenistan" . 8 September 2014. Archived from the original on 15 February 2016 . Retrieved 12 February 2016 .
^ Stronski, Paul (22 May 2017). Независимому Туркменистану двадцать пять лет: цена авторитаризма . carnegie.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 23 May 2017 .
^ "President For Life? Turkmen Leader Signs Mysterious Constitutional Changes Into Law" . RFE/RL . 25 September 2020.
^ "Turkmen Voters Given Two Hours To Cast Ballots In Senate Election" . RFE/RL . 28 March 2021.
^ "Туркменистан впервые в истории избрал верхнюю палату парламента" (in Russian). Deutsche Welle . 28 March 2021.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Turkmenistan votes for a new 'rubber-stamp' parliament" . bne IntelliNews. 26 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Pannier, Bruce (22 March 2018). "Turkmen Elections Look Like Next Step Toward Dynasty" . RFE/RL .
^ Jump up to: a b Clement, Victoria (21 October 2019). "Passing the baton in Turkmenistan" . Atlantic Council.
^ "TURKMENISTAN PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 25 March 2018 ODIHR Election Assessment Mission Final Report" (PDF) .
^ "CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX" . Transparency International .
^ "Turkmenistan: A Model Kleptocracy" (PDF) . Crude Accountability . June 2021.
^ "Коронабизнес» продолжается. За год власти Туркменистана не изжили коррупцию в сфере эпидзащиты" (in Russian). Turkmen.News . 29 July 2021.
^ Jump up to: a b "В Туркменистане выявлены многочисленные факты взяточничества в сфере образования" (in Russian). Turkmenportal. 9 October 2020.
^ "Взятки за поступление в вузы Туркменистана берут в долларах" (in Russian). Chronicles of Turkmenistan. 8 August 2018.
^ "Размер взятки за устройство ребенка в русский класс достигает 20 тысяч манатов" (in Russian). Chronicles of Turkmenistan. 30 August 2019.
^ "Спустя год стали известны статьи УК, по которым осуждены И. Муликов, М. Нобатов и Ч. Кулов" (in Russian). turkmen.news. 28 September 2020.
^ "Бывший министр внутренних дел Туркменистана осуждён" (in Russian). RFE/RL, Inc. 3 December 2019.
^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine : "Watan habarlary 03.12.2019" (in Turkmen). Watan. 3 December 2019. (video)
^ "Президент Туркменистана уволил главу МВД за серьёзные недостатки в работе" (in Russian). Turkmenportal.ru. 1 October 2019.
^ "Обритый экс-глава МВД Туркмении перед камерой повинился за преступления" (in Russian). Fergana. 4 December 2019.
^ "Туркменистан: министр внутренних дел появился в наручниках" (in Russian). Eurasianet. 5 January 2019.
^ "В Туркменистане осужден экс-глава МВД. По ТВ его показали кающимся и остриженным наголо" (in Russian). RFE/RL, Inc. 4 January 2019.
^ "Президент Туркменистана провёл выездное заседание Госсовета безопасности" (in Russian). Turkmenportal.com. 4 December 2019.
^ "Итоги работы силовых ведомств за 11 месяцев года рассмотрены на заседании Госсовета безопасности" (in Russian). Туркменистан сегодня. 3 December 2019. [ permanent dead link ]
^ Jump up to: a b "Buying Babies In Turkmenistan: 'Rampant' Corruption Drives Couples To Illegal Adoptions" . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty . Retrieved 8 July 2021 .
^ "Turkmenistan's Constitution of 2008 with Amendments through 2016" (PDF) . constituteproject.org . Retrieved 31 March 2021 .
^ "TURKMENISTAN 2019 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT" (PDF) . U.S. Department of State. p. 8.
^ "Türkmenistanyň Döwlet howpsuzlyk geňeşiniň agzalaryna Türkmenistanyň "Türkmenistanyň Watan goragçysy" diýen hormatly adyny dakmak hakynda" (in Turkmen). "Türkmenistan: Altyn asyr". 4 March 2021.
^ Jump up to: a b "TURKMENISTAN 2020 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT" (PDF) . U.S. Department of State. 28 March 2021.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Turkmenistan: International Religious Freedom Report 2004" . www.state.gov/ . United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 21 May 2015 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 .
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^ "One Year of Unjust Imprisonment in Turkmenistan" . jw.org.
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^ "LGBT relationships are illegal in 74 countries, research finds" . The Independent . 17 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Forrester, Chris (22 April 2015). "Satellite dishes banned in Turkmenistan" . Advanced Television . Retrieved 23 April 2015 .
^ Pannier, Bruce (19 September 2020). "Turkmenistan Increases Crackdown On Internet Access As Living Standards Continue Downward Spiral" . RFE/RL.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Çaryýew, B.; Ilamanow, Ýa. (2010). Türkmenistanyň Geografiýasy (in Turkmen). Ashgabat: Bilim Ministrligi.
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