Turkih
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Turkih
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Oghuz Turkic language of the Turkish people
This article is about the Turkish language. For the language family it belongs to, see Turkic languages .
Turkic
Common Turkic Oghuz Western Oghuz Turkish
Countries where Turkish is an official language
Countries where it is recognised as a minority language
Countries where it is recognised as a minority language and co-official in at least one municipality
This article is part of a series about
For a more comprehensive list, see List of replaced loanwords in Turkish .
Left: Bilingual sign, Turkish (top) and Arabic (bottom), at a Turkmen village in Kirkuk Governorate , Iraq . Right: Road signs in Prizren , Kosovo . Official languages are: Albanian (top), Serbian (middle) and Turkish (bottom).
See Turkish alphabet for a pronunciation guide
This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2018 )
^ Turkish language is currently official in Kirkuk Governorate , Kifri and Tuz Khurmatu districts. [9] [10] In addition to that, it is considered an educational language for Iraqi Turkmen by Kurdistan Region [11]
^ Turkish language is currently official in Gjilan , Southern Mitrovica , Vučitrn , Mamuša and Prizren municipalities. [12]
^ Turkish language is currently official in Centar Zupa and Plasnica Municipality [13]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Johanson, Lars (2021), Turkic , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 9781009038218 , Turkish is the largest and most vigorous Turkic language, spoken by over 80 million people, a third of the total number of Turkic-speakers... Turkish is a recognized regional minority language in North Macedonia, Kosovo, Romania, and Iraq.
^ Kuribayashi, Yuu (2012). "Transitivity in Turkish: A study of valence orientation" (PDF) . Asian and African Languages and Linguistics . 7 : 39–51.
^ Karcı, Durmuş (2018), "The Effects of Language Characters and Identity of Meskhetian Turkish in Kazakhstan", Kesit Akademi Dergisi , 4 (13)
^ Behnstedt, Peter (2008). "Syria". In Versteegh, Kees; Eid, Mushira; Elgibali, Alaa; Woidich, Manfred; Zaborski, Andrzej (eds.). Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics . Vol. 4. Brill Publishers . p. 402. ISBN 978-90-04-14476-7 .
^ "Bosnia and Herzegovina", The European Charter for Regional Or Minority Languages: Collected Texts , Council of Europe , 2010, pp. 107–108, ISBN 9789287166715
^ Rehm, Georg; Uszkoreit, Hans, eds. (2012), "The Croatian Language in the European Information Society", The Croatian Language in the Digital Age , Springer , p. 51, ISBN 9783642308826
^ Franceschini, Rita (2014). "Italy and the Italian-Speaking Regions". In Fäcke, Christiane (ed.). Manual of Language Acquisition . Walter de Gruyter GmbH. p. 546. ISBN 9783110394146 . In Croatia, Albanian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Czech, German, Hebrew, Hungarian, Italian, Macedonian, Polish, Romanian, Romany, Rusyn, Russian, Montenegrin, Slovak, Slovenian, Serbian, Turkish, and Ukrainian are recognized (EACEA 2012, 18, 50s)
^ Trudgill, Peter; Schreier, Daniel (2006), "Greece and Cyprus / Griechenland und Zypern", in Ulrich, Ammon (ed.), Sociolinguistics / Soziolinguistik , Walter de Gruyter, p. 1886, ISBN 3110199874
^ [1] Text: Article 1 of the declaration stipulated that no law, regulation, or official action could interfere with the rights outlined for the minorities. Although Arabic became the official language of Iraq, Kurdish became a corollary official language in Sulaimaniya, and both Kurdish and Turkish became official languages in Kirkuk and Kifri.
^ "Türkmenler, Türkçe tabelalardan memnun – Son Dakika" .
^ [2] Kurdistan: Constitution of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region
^ "Municipal language compliance in Kosovo" . OSCE Minsk Group. Turkish language is currently official in Prizren and Mamuşa/Mamushë/Mamuša municipalities. In 2007 and 2008, the municipalities of Gjilan/Gnjilane, southern Mitrovicë/Mitrovica, Prishtinë/Priština and Vushtrri/Vučitrn also recognized Turkish as a language in official use.
^ [3] Text: Turkish is co-official in Centar Zupa and Plasnica
^ "Romania", The European Charter for Regional Or Minority Languages: Collected Texts , Council of Europe , 2010, pp. 135–136, ISBN 9789287166715
^ Boeschoten, Henrik. Turkic Languages in Contact .
^ "The Muslim Minority of Greek Thrace" . Archived from the original on 2017-07-01.
^ "As the E.U.'s Language Roster Swells, So Does the Burden" , The New York Times , 4 January 2017 , retrieved 17 March 2017
^ Jump up to: a b Aalto, P. "Iranian Contacts of the Turks in Pre-Islamic times," in Studia Turcica, ed. L. Ligeti, Budapest, 1971, pp. 29–37.
^ Benzing, J. Einführung in das Studium der altäischen Philologie und der Turkologie, Wiesbaden, 1953.
^ Jump up to: a b Gandjeï, T. "Über die türkischen und mongolischen Elemente der persischen Dichtung der Ilchan-Zeit," in Ural-altaische Jahrbücher 30, 1958, pp. 229–31.
^ Erdal, Marcel (March 2004). A Grammar Of Old Turkic .
^ "A Database of Turkic Runiform Inscriptions" .
^ Findley [ full citation needed ]
^ Soucek 2000
^ Glenny 2001 , p. 99
^ See Lewis (2002) for a thorough treatment of the Turkish language reform.
^ Jump up to: a b Turkish Language Association . "Türk Dil Kurumu – Tarihçe (History of the Turkish Language Association)" (in Turkish). Archived from the original on March 16, 2007 . Retrieved 2007-03-18 .
^ Szurek, Emmanuel (2015-02-17). Aymes, Marc (ed.). Order and Compromise: Government Practices in Turkey from the Late Ottoman Empire to the Early 21st Century . Brill Publishers . p. 94. ISBN 978-90-04-28985-7 .
^ See Lewis (2002): 2–3 for the first two translations. For the third see Bedi Yazıcı. "Nutuk: Özgün metin ve çeviri (Atatürk's Speech: original text and translation)" (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2007-09-28 . Retrieved 2007-09-28 .
^ "Öz Türkçeleştirme Çalışmaları" . Çok Bilgi . Archived from the original on 14 July 2019 . Retrieved 29 May 2014 .
^ Mütercim Asım (1799). Burhân-ı Katı Tercemesi (in Turkish). İstanbul.
^ "Iraq" . Encyclopedia Britannica . 2016.
^ Gordon, Raymond G. Jr. , ed. (2005). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Report for language code:tur (Turkish)" . Retrieved 2011-09-04 .
^ See for example citations given in Cindark, Ibrahim/Aslan, Sema (2004): Deutschlandtürkisch? . Institut für Deutsche Sprache, page 3.
^ European Commission (2006). "Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their Languages (Survey)" (PDF) . Europa . Retrieved 2010-02-14 .
^ Gordon, Raymond G. Jr. , ed. (2005). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Report for language code:kmr (Kurdish)" . Retrieved 2007-03-18 .
^ "Kosovo" . Encyclopedia Britannica . 2016.
^ "Kosovo starts using Turkish as fifth official language in documents" . Daily Sabah . 9 July 2015.
^ "Official regional languages" . CIA World Factbook . 2002. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007 . Retrieved 2016-02-10 .
^ Güçlü, Yücel (January 2007). "Who Owns Kirkuk? The Turkoman Case" . Middle East Quarterly .
^ The name TDK itself exemplifies this process. The words tetkik and cemiyet in the original name are both Arabic loanwords (the final -i of cemiyeti being a Turkish possessive suffix); kurum is a native Turkish word based on the verb kurmak , "set up, found". [ citation needed ]
^ Campbell, George (1995). "Turkish". Concise compendium of the world's languages . London: Routledge. p. 547.
^ "En iyi İstanbul Türkçesini kim konuşur?" . Milliyet . Retrieved 2017-12-30 .
^ Johanson, Lars (2001), Discoveries on the Turkic linguistic map (PDF) , Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul, archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2007 , retrieved 2007-03-18
^ Özsoy
^ Akalın, Şükrü Halûk (January 2003). "Türk Dil Kurumu'nun 2002 yılı çalışmaları (Turkish Language Association progress report for 2002)" (PDF) . Türk Dili (in Turkish). 85 (613). ISSN 1301-465X . Archived from the original (PDF) on June 27, 2007 . Retrieved 2007-03-18 .
^ Shashi, Shyam Singh (1992). Encyclopaedia of Humanities and Social Sciences . Anmol Publications. p. 47 . Retrieved 2008-03-26 .
^ Aydıngün, Ayşegül; Harding, Çiğdem Balım; Hoover, Matthew; Kuznetsov, Igor; Swerdlow, Steve (2006), Meskhetian Turks: An Introduction to their History, Culture, and Resettelment Experiences (PDF) , Center for Applied Linguistics, archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-14
^ Brendemoen, B. (1996). Phonological Aspects of Greek-Turkish Language Contact in Trabzon . Conference on Turkish in Contact, Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study (NIAS) in the Humanities and Social Sciences, Wassenaar, 5–6 February 1996.
^
Balta, Evangelia (Fall 2017). "Translating Books from Greek into Turkish for the Karamanli Orthodox Christians of Anatolia (1718–1856)". International Journal of Turkish Studies . 23 (1–2): 20 – via Ebsco.
^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999) , pp. 154–155.
^ Petrova, Olga; Plapp, Rosemary; Ringen, Catherine; Szentgyörgyi, Szilárd (2006). "Voice and aspiration: Evidence from Russian, Hungarian, German, Swedish, and Turkish" (PDF) . The Linguistic Review . 23 (1): 1–35. doi : 10.1515/tlr.2006.001 . ISSN 0167-6318 . S2CID 42712078 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-09-08.
^ Jump up to: a b Handbook of the IPA , p. 155
^ Lewis 2001 , pp. 93–4, 6
^ "Sesler ve ses uyumları "Sounds and Vovel karmony" " (in Turkish). Turkish Language Association . Archived from the original on 2012-07-28 . Retrieved 2013-01-13 .
^ "Turkish Consonant Mutation" . turkishbasics.com .
^ Lewis 2001 , p. 10
^ The vowel represented by ⟨ı⟩ is also commonly transcribed as ⟨ ɨ ⟩ in linguistic literature.
^ Goksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005). Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar . Routledge. pp. 24–25. ISBN 0-415-11494-2 .
^ Khalilzadeh, Amir (Winter 2010). "Vowel Harmony in Turkish". Karadeniz Araştırmaları: Balkan, Kafkas, Doğu Avrupa Ve Anadolu İncelemeleri Dergisi . 6 (24): 141–150.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Mundy, C. Turkish Syntax as a System of Qualification. Oxford, 1957, pp. 279–305.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Deny, J. Grammaire de la langue turque. Paris, 1963.
^ Jump up to: a b von Gabain, A. Alttürkische Grammatik. Leipzig, 1950.
^ Lewis 1953 , p. 21
^ For the terms twofold and fourfold , as well as the superscript notation, see Lewis (1953):21–22. In his more recent works Lewis prefers to omit the superscripts, on the grounds that "there is no need for this once the principle has been grasped" (Lewis [2001]:18).
^ Underhill, Robert (1976). Turkish Grammar . Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. p. 25. ISBN 0-262-21006-1 .
^ In modern Turkish orthography, an apostrophe is used to separate proper names from any suffixes.
^ Husby, Olaf. "Diagnostic use of nonword repetition for detection of language impairment among Turkish speaking minority children in Norway" . Working Papers Department of Language and Communication Studies NTNV . 3/2006: 139–149 – via Academia.edu.
^ Boeschoten, Hendrik; Johanson, Lars; Milani, Vildan (2006). Turkic Languages in Contact . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-05212-2 .
^ Jump up to: a b Goksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005). Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar . Routledge. ISBN 0-415-11494-2 .
^ Jump up to: a b Underhill, Robert (1976). Turkish Grammar . Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-21006-1 .
^ Thompson, Sandra (April 1978). "Modern English from a Typological Point of View: Some Implications of the Function of Word Order". Linguistische Berlichte . 1978 (54): 19–35 – via ProQuest.
^ Erguvanlı, Eser Emine (1984). The Function of Word Order in Turkish Grammar . Linguistics Vol. 106. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-09955-9 .
^ Kiliçasaslan, Yılmaz. "A Typological Approach to Sentence Structure in Turkish" (PDF) .
^ This section draws heavily on Lewis (2001) and, to a lesser extent, Lewis (1953). Only the most important references are specifically flagged with footnotes.
^ see Lewis (2001) Ch XIV.
^ "The prefix, which is accented, is modelled on the first syllable of the simple adjective or adverb but with the substitution of m, p, r , or s for the last consonant of that syllable." Lewis (2001):55. The prefix retains the first vowel of the base form and thus exhibits a form of reverse vowel harmony.
^ This "splendid word" appeared at the time of Bayram , the festival marking the end of the month of fasting . Lewis (2001):287.
^ "İmlâ Kilavuzu" . Dilimiz.com. Archived from the original on 2011-10-06 . Retrieved 2011-11-03 .
^ Because it is also used for the indefinite accusative, Lewis uses the term "absolute case" in preference to "nominative". Lewis (2001):28.
^ Lewis points out that "an indefinite izafet group can be turned into intelligible (though not necessarily normal) English by the use of a hyphen". Lewis (2001): 42.
^ The examples are taken from Lewis (2001): 41–47.
^ For other possible permutations of this vehicle, see Lewis (2001):46.
^ "It is most important to note that the third-person suffix is not repeated though theoretically one might have expected Ankara [Kız Lisesi] si ." Lewis (2001): 45 footnote.
^ Note the similarity with the French phrase un m'as-tu-vu "a have-you-seen-me?", i.e., a vain and pretentious person.
^ The term substantival sentence is Lewis's. Lewis(2001:257).
^ Demir, Celal (2007). "Türkiye Türkçesi Gramerlerinde İsim Tamlaması Sorunu ve Bir Tasnif Denemesi" [The Problem of Adjective in Turkish: An Attempt of Classification] (PDF) . Türk Dünyası İncelemeleri Dergisi [Journal of Turkish World Studies] (in Turkish). 7 (1): 27–54 . Retrieved 2013-03-29 .
^ Yüksel Göknel:Turkish Grammar [ full citation needed ]
^ "Turkish Studies Vol 7/3" (PDF) (in Turkish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-03-13 . Retrieved 2013-03-29 .
^ "Dersimiz Edebiyat Online course" (in Turkish). Dersimizedebiyat.com . Retrieved 2013-03-29 .
^ The conventional translation of the film title Dünyayı Kurtaran Adam , The Man Who Saved the World , uses the past tense. Semantically, his saving the world takes place though in the (narrative) present.
^ See Lewis (2001):163–165, 260–262 for an exhaustive treatment.
^ For the terms personal and relative participle see Lewis (1958):98 and Lewis (2001):163 respectively. Most of the examples are taken from Lewis (2001).
^ This more complex example from Orhan Pamuk 's Kar ( Snow ) contains a nested structure: [ which he knew [ were approaching ]]. Maureen Freely 's more succinct and idiomatic translation is the days in prison he knew lay ahead . Note that Pamuk uses the spelling hapisane .
^ From the perspective of Turkish grammar yaklaştığını anladığı is exactly parallel to babasını gördüğüm ("whose father I saw"), and could therefore be paraphrased as "whose approaching he understood".
^ "Büyük Türkçe Sözlük Turkish Language Association" (in Turkish). Tdkterim.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 2013-03-28 . Retrieved 2013-03-29 .
^ Goksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005). Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar . Routledge. pp. 43–48. ISBN 0-415-11494-2 .
^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999 :155)
^ Dilaçar, Agop (1977). "Atatürk ve Yazım" . Türk Dili (in Turkish). 35 (307). ISSN 1301-465X . Retrieved 2007-03-19 .
^ Coulmas 1989 , pp. 243–244
^ In modern Turkish spelling: elma ağaçtan ırak düşmez .
^ Celia Kerslake; Asli Goksel (11 June 2014). Turkish: An Essential Grammar . Routledge. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-134-04218-0 .
^ Lewis (2001):3–7. Note that in these cases the circumflex conveys information about the preceding consonant rather than the vowel over which it is written.
^ "Northern village of Kuşköy still communicates with amazing Turkish whistling language" . The Daily Sabah . February 16, 2016.
Turkish edition of Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia
Turkish language at Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guides from Wikivoyage
Italics indicate extinct languages Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.
Turkish ( Türkçe ( listen ) , Türk dili ), also referred to as Turkey Turkish ( Türkiye Türkçesi ), is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages , with around 80 to 90 million speakers. It is the national language of Turkey and Northern Cyprus . Significant smaller groups of Turkish speakers exist in Iraq , Syria , Germany , Austria , Bulgaria , North Macedonia , [15] Greece , [16] the Caucasus , and other parts of Europe and Central Asia . Cyprus has requested that the European Union add Turkish as an official language, even though Turkey is not a member state. [17] Turkish is the 13th most spoken language in the world.
To the west, the influence of Ottoman Turkish —the variety of the Turkish language that was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire —spread as the Ottoman Empire expanded. In 1928, as one of Atatürk's Reforms in the early years of the Republic of Turkey, the Ottoman Turkish alphabet was replaced with a Latin alphabet .
The distinctive characteristics of the Turkish language are vowel harmony and extensive agglutination . The basic word order of Turkish is subject–object–verb . Turkish has no noun classes or grammatical gender . The language makes usage of honorifics and has a strong T–V distinction which distinguishes varying levels of politeness, social distance , age, courtesy or familiarity toward the addressee. The plural second-person pronoun and verb forms are used referring to a single person out of respect.
Turkish is a member of the Oghuz group of the Turkic family. Other members include Azerbaijani , spoken in Azerbaijan and north-west Iran , Gagauz of Gagauzia , Qashqai of south Iran and the Turkmen of Turkmenistan . [18]
Classification of the Turkic languages is complicated. The migrations of the Turkic peoples and their consequent intermingling with one another and with peoples who spoke non- Turkic languages, have created a linguistic situation of vast complexity. [18]
There is ongoing debate about whether the Turkic family is itself a branch of a larger Altaic family, including Japanese , Korean , Mongolian and Tungusic . [19] The nineteenth-century Ural-Altaic theory, which grouped Turkish with Finnish , Hungarian and Altaic languages, is controversial. [20] The theory was based mostly on the fact these languages share three features: agglutination , vowel harmony and lack of grammatical gender. [20]
The earliest known Old Turkic inscriptions are the three monumental Orkhon inscriptions found in modern Mongolia . Erected in honour of the prince Kul Tigin and his brother Emperor Bilge Khagan , these date back to the Second Turkic Khaganat
18 19 Porn
Ensest Seksler Vidyo
Türkçe Türbanlı Konulu Köylü Pornosu