Ts Nefertitti

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Ts Nefertitti
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the Ancient Egyptian queen. For other uses, see Nefertiti (disambiguation) .
For other individuals named Neferneferuaten, see Neferneferuaten (disambiguation) .
Alabaster sunken relief depicting Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and daughter Meritaten. Early Aten cartouches on king's arm and chest. From Amarna, Egypt. 18th Dynasty. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
Close-up of a limestone relief depicting Nefertiti smiting a female captive on a royal barge. On display at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston .
Further information: Amarna succession

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Neferneferuaten Nefertiti ( / ˌ n ɛ f ər ˈ t iː t i / [3] ) ( c. 1370 – c. 1330 BC) was a queen of the 18th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt , the great royal wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten . Nefertiti and her husband were known for a religious revolution, in which they worshipped solely the sun disc, Aten , as the only god. With her husband, she reigned at what was arguably the wealthiest period of ancient Egyptian history. [4] Some scholars believe that Nefertiti ruled briefly as Neferneferuaten after her husband's death and before the ascension of Tutankhamun , although this identification is a matter of ongoing debate . [5] [6] If Nefertiti did rule as Pharaoh, her reign was marked by the fall of Amarna and relocation of the capital back to the traditional city of Thebes . [7]

She was made famous by her bust , now in Berlin's Neues Museum . The bust is one of the most copied works of ancient Egypt. It was attributed to the sculptor Thutmose , and it was found in his workshop.

Nefertiti had many titles including:

While modern Egyptological pronunciation renders her name as N e fertiti , her name was the sentence nfr.t jj.tj “the beautiful one has come” and probably contemporarily pronounced Naftita from older Nafrat-ita or perhaps Nafert-yiti . [9] [10] Nefertiti's name, Egyptian Nfr.t-jy.tj , can be translated as "The Beautiful Woman has Come". [11]

Almost nothing is known about Nefertiti's life prior to her marriage to Akhenaten . Scenes from the tombs of the nobles in Amarna mention that Nefertiti had a sister, named Mutbenret . [12] [13] [14] Further, a woman named Tey carried the title of "Nurse of the Great Royal Wife." [15] In addition, Tey's husband Ay carried the title "God's Father." Some Egyptologists believe that this title was used for a man whose daughter married the pharaoh . [16] Based on these titles, it has been proposed that Ay was in fact Nefertiti's father. [11] However, neither Ay or Tey are explicitly referred to as Nefertiti's parents in the existing sources. At the same time, no sources exist that directly contradict Ay's fatherhood which is considered likely due to the great influence he wielded during Nefertiti's life and after her death. [11] According to another theory, Nefertiti was the daughter of Ay and a woman besides Tey, but Ay's first wife died before Nefertiti's rise to the position of queen, whereupon Ay married Tey, making her Nefertiti's stepmother. Nevertheless, this entire proposal is based on speculation and conjecture. [17]

It has also been proposed that Nefertiti was Akhenaten's full sister, though this is contradicted by her titles which do not include the title of "King's Daughter" or "King's Sister," usually used to indicate a relative of a pharaoh. [11] Another theory about her parentage that gained some support identified Nefertiti with the Mitanni princess Tadukhipa , [18] partially based on Nefertiti's name ("The Beautiful Woman has Come") which has been interpreted by some scholars as signifying a foreign origin. [11] However, Tadukhipa was already married to Akhenaten's father and there is no evidence for any reason why this woman would need to alter her name in a proposed marriage to Akhenaten, nor any hard evidence of a foreign non-Egyptian background for Nefertiti.

The exact dates when Nefertiti married Akhenaten and became the king's great royal wife are uncertain. They are known to have had at least six daughters together, including Meritaten , Meketaten , Ankhesenpaaten (later called Ankhesenamun when she married Tutankhamun), Neferneferuaten Tasherit , Neferneferure , and Setepenre . [14] [18] She was once considered as a candidate for the mother of Tutankhamun, however a genetic study conducted on discovered mummies suggests that she was not. [19]

Nefertiti first appears in scenes in Thebes . In the damaged tomb ( TT188 ) of the royal butler Parennefer , the new king Amenhotep IV is accompanied by a royal woman, and this lady is thought to be an early depiction of Nefertiti. The king and queen are shown worshiping the Aten . In the tomb of the vizier Ramose , Nefertiti is shown standing behind Amenhotep IV in the Window of Appearance during the reward ceremony for the vizier. [18]

During the early years in Thebes, Akhenaten (still known as Amenhotep IV) had several temples erected at Karnak . One of the structures, the Mansion of the Benben (hwt-ben-ben), was dedicated to Nefertiti. She is depicted with her daughter Meritaten and in some scenes the princess Meketaten participates as well. In scenes found on the talatat , Nefertiti appears almost twice as often as her husband. She is shown appearing behind her husband the pharaoh in offering scenes in the role of the queen supporting her husband, but she is also depicted in scenes that would have normally been the prerogative of the king. She is shown smiting the enemy, and captive enemies decorate her throne. [20]

In the fourth year of his reign, Amenhotep IV decided to move the capital to Akhetaten (modern Amarna). In his fifth year, Amenhotep IV officially changed his name to Akhenaten, and Nefertiti was henceforth known as Neferneferuaten-Nefertiti. The name change was a sign of the ever-increasing importance of the cult of the Aten. It changed Egypt's religion from a polytheistic religion to a religion which may have been better described as a monolatry (the depiction of a single god as an object for worship) or henotheism (one god, who is not the only god). [21]

The boundary stelae of years 4 and 5 mark the boundaries of the new city and suggest that the move to the new city of Akhetaten occurred around that time. The new city contained several large open-air temples dedicated to the Aten . Nefertiti and her family would have resided in the Great Royal Palace in the centre of the city and possibly at the Northern Palace as well. Nefertiti and the rest of the royal family feature prominently in the scenes at the palaces and in the tombs of the nobles .
Nefertiti's steward during this time was an official named Meryre II . He would have been in charge of running her household. [5] [18]

Inscriptions in the tombs of Huya and Meryre II dated to Year 12, 2nd month of Peret, Day 8 show a large foreign tribute. The people of Kharu (the north) and Kush (the south) are shown bringing gifts of gold and precious items to Akhenaten and Nefertiti. In the tomb of Meryre II, Nefertiti's steward, the royal couple is shown seated in a kiosk with their six daughters in attendance. [5] [18] This is one of the last times princess Meketaten is shown alive.

Two representations of Nefertiti that were excavated by Flinders Petrie appear to show Nefertiti in the middle to later part of Akhenaten's reign 'after the exaggerated style of the early years had relaxed somewhat'. [22] One is a small piece on limestone and is a preliminary sketch of Nefertiti wearing her distinctive tall crown with carving began around the mouth, chin, ear and tab of the crown. Another is a small inlay head (Petrie Museum Number UC103) modeled from reddish-brown quartzite that was clearly intended to fit into a larger composition.

Meketaten may have died in year 13 or 14. Nefertiti, Akhenaten, and three princesses are shown mourning her. [23] The last dated inscription naming her and Akhenaten comes from a building inscription in the limestone quarry at Dayr Abū Ḥinnis. It dates to year 16 of the king's reign and is also the last dated inscription naming the king. [24]

Many scholars believe Nefertiti had a role elevated from that of great royal wife, and was promoted to co-regent by her husband Pharaoh Akhenaten before his death. [25] She is depicted in many archaeological sites as equal in stature to a King, smiting Egypt's enemies, riding a chariot , and worshipping the Aten in the manner of a pharaoh. [26] When Nefertiti's name disappears from historical records, it is replaced by that of a co-regent named Neferneferuaten , who became a female Pharaoh. [27] It seems likely that Nefertiti, in a similar fashion to the p
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