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Alcohol is widely used by young people. Binge drinking, drink driving, and unsafe sex can all result from engaging in risky drinking.
In Australia, alcohol is the most used drug, and contributes to all the leading causes of death for young people. Alcohol use also has a variety of serious health risks.
It’s difficult to prevent teenagers from experimenting with alcohol, but parents and carers can encourage sensible drinking habits.
The safest level of alcohol drinking for children and young people is not drinking.
Be aware of the laws about serving alcohol to minors in your state or territory, including in your own home, as these have changed in some states.
Call DrugInfo on 1300 85 85 84, contact your local legal aid service or visit the Youth Law Australia website to find out the situation in your area.
The 2019 National Drug Strategy Household Survey found 66% of 14–17-year olds have never had a full serve of alcohol.
It also found 2.8% of 14–17-year olds drink weekly (while for the 18–24 age group, the figure is 27.9%).
Studies have shown that the most influential role models for children are their parents and carers. Children learn by imitation, so it is important to demonstrate sensible drinking behaviour such as:
As parents and carers, you can’t prevent young people from experimenting with alcohol, but you can encourage sensible drinking habits.
According to research, there are many important factors to help reduce the likelihood of a young person engaging in risky drinking.
As well as being a good role model, suggested ways parents and carers can help their child include:
Young people are at greater risk of alcohol-related harm than adults. As the brain keeps developing into the mid-twenties, drinking alcohol as a teenager can greatly increase the risk of damage to the developing brain. It can also lead to problems with alcohol later in life.
Drinking heavily over a short period of time with the intention of becoming drunk is known as binge drinking. (Binge drinking is also defined as drinking over the recommended level of standard drinks.)
Common effects of binge drinking include:
As well as increasing the risk of short and longer-term health problems, binge drinking can lead to young people taking risks and putting themselves in dangerous situations – such as drink driving, swimming, and unsafe sex.
Drink driving and other risky behaviours increase the risk of alcohol-related harm (such as injury or death).
Car accidents and drink driving are a leading cause of death for young adults.
In 2018, 14% of drivers who lost their lives on Victorian roads were aged between 18-25, and 75% were involved in crashes that occurred at high alcohol times (times of the day or week where fatal crashes are 10 times more likely to involve alcohol).
Alcohol impairs judgement. If someone is so affected by alcohol or other drugs that they cannot freely provide consent – this is considered a sexual offence.
Young people are more likely to engage in unsafe sexual practices (such as having sexual intercourse without a condom) when they have been drinking.
Risks associated with unsafe sex include:
Drinking alcohol can affect how the brain develops in those under 25. Young people under 15 years are particularly at risk. Teenage brains are still developing, and the areas of the brain that undergo the most dramatic changes during the teenage years are the frontal lobe and hippocampus. These areas are associated with motivation, impulse control and addiction.
Alcohol is a neurotoxin, which means it can damage the brain. One of the effects of excessive alcohol use is that it interferes with vitamin B absorption, which prevents the brain from working properly.
Long-term drinking above the recommended levels may lead to a range of disorders, collectively known as alcohol-related brain injury (ARBI). Symptoms can include learning and memory problems, and difficulties with balance.
Young people are more likely to take risks when drinking. Alcohol is a significant factor in a range of risky situations, including:
Celebrating the end of high school (schoolies week) is often linked to episodes of very high levels of single-session drinking or deliberately drinking to intoxication.
According to an Australian study of school leavers, over 90% of reported drinking alcohol – consuming on average 8 standard drinks in the previous 12 hours.
Risky alcohol consumption can be linked to the use of other drugs. Taking alcohol with other drugs that also suppress the central nervous system (such as heroin and benzodiazepines) can be particularly risky. It can cause a person’s breathing and heart rate to decrease to dangerous levels and increase the risk of overdose.
The combination of alcohol and drugs (including cannabis) can also lead to increased risk taking. Driving or carrying out other activities while under the influence is dangerous – a young person may harm themselves and others.
Alcohol, National Health and Medical Research Council.
Alcohol and other drugs, VicRoads, State Government of Victoria.
Alcohol, Alcohol and Drug Foundation.
Lubman DI, Droste N, Pennay A et al. 2014 ‘High rates of alcohol consumption and related harm at schoolies week: a portal study’, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health.
Guerin, N. & White, V. (2018), ASSAD 2017 Statistics & Trends: Australian Secondary Students’ Use of Tobacco, Alcohol, Over-the-counter Drugs, and Illicit Substances, Cancer Council Victoria, 2018
Young driver statistics, 2018, Transport Accident Commission, Victorian Government.
National drug strategy household survey report 2019, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Australian Government.
Parents, Alcohol and Drug Foundation, Australia.
Saying no can be hard. There are things you can do to make it easier.
There’s no safe level of alcohol use during pregnancy. It’s safest to not drink at all during pregnancy, when trying to conceive, and while breastfeeding.
Alcohol is Australia’s most widely used drug, but it can cause significant harm to people and society, especially when consumed at risky levels.
While the relationship between alcohol consumption and obesity remains unclear, there are good reasons to think that alcohol may play a role.
Don't give up if your plan doesn't work the first time.
This page has been produced in consultation with and approved by:
Saying no can be hard. There are things you can do to make it easier.
There’s no safe level of alcohol use during pregnancy. It’s safest to not drink at all during pregnancy, when trying to conceive, and while breastfeeding.
Alcohol is Australia’s most widely used drug, but it can cause significant harm to people and society, especially when consumed at risky levels.
While the relationship between alcohol consumption and obesity remains unclear, there are good reasons to think that alcohol may play a role.
Don't give up if your plan doesn't work the first time.
This page has been produced in consultation with and approved by:
Content on this website is provided for information purposes only. Information about a therapy, service, product or treatment does not in any way endorse or support such therapy, service, product or treatment and is not intended to replace advice from your doctor or other registered health professional. The information and materials contained on this website are not intended to constitute a comprehensive guide concerning all aspects of the therapy, product or treatment described on the website. All users are urged to always seek advice from a registered health care professional for diagnosis and answers to their medical questions and to ascertain whether the particular therapy, service, product or treatment described on the website is suitable in their circumstances. The State of Victoria and the Department of Health shall not bear any liability for reliance by any user on the materials contained on this website.
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Teens and Sleep
An overview of why teens face unique sleep challenges and tips to help them sleep better
The teenage years are a formative period. The brain and body experience significant development, and the transition to adulthood brings important changes that affect emotions, personality, social and family life, and academics.
Sleep is essential during this time, working behind the scenes to allow teens to be at their best. Unfortunately, research indicates that many teens get far less sleep than they need.
Both the National Sleep Foundation and the American Academy of Sleep Medicine agree that teens need between 8 and 10 hours of sleep per night. Getting this recommended amount of sleep can help teens maintain their physical health, emotional well-being, and school performance.
At the same time, teens face numerous challenges to getting consistent, restorative sleep. Recognizing those challenges helps teens and their parents make a plan so that teens get the sleep they need.
Sleep is vital for people of any age. For teens, though, profound mental, physical, social, and emotional development requires quality sleep1.
Sleep benefits the brain and promotes attention, memory, and analytical thought. It makes thinking sharper, recognizing the most important information to consolidate learning. Sleep also facilitates expansive thinking2 that can spur creativity3. Whether it’s studying for a test, learning an instrument, or acquiring job skills, sleep is essential for teens4.
Given the importance of sleep for brain function, it’s easy to see why teens who don’t get enough sleep tend to suffer from excessive drowsiness and lack of attention5 that can harm their academic performance6.
Most people have experienced how sleep can affect mood, causing irritability and exaggerated emotional reactions. Over time, the consequences can be even greater for teens who are adapting to more independence, responsibility, and new social relationships.
Prolonged sleep loss may negatively affect emotional development7, increasing risks for interpersonal conflict as well as more serious mental health problems8.
Mental health disorders like anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorder have routinely been linked to poor sleep9, and sleep deprivation in teens can increase the risk of suicide. Improving sleep in adolescents may play a role10 in preventing mental health disorders or reducing their symptoms.
Sleep contributes to the effective function of virtually every system of the body. It empowers the immune system, helps regulate hormones, and enables muscle and tissue recovery.
Sleep deprivation can affect the development of the frontal lobe, a part of the brain that is critical to control impulsive behavior. Not surprisingly, numerous studies have found that teens who don’t get enough sleep are more likely to engage in high-risk behaviors12 like drunk driving, texting while driving, riding a bicycle without a helmet, and failing to use a seatbelt. Drug and alcohol use, smoking, risky sexual behavior, fighting, and carrying a weapon have also been identified as more likely in teens who get too little sleep13.
Behavioral problems can have widespread effects on a teenager’s life, harming their academic performance as well as their relationships with family and friends.
Insufficient sleep in teens can make them prone to accidental injury and even death. Of particular concern is an elevated risk of accidents14 as a result of drowsy driving. Studies have found that sleep deprivation can reduce reaction times with an effect similar to that of significant alcohol consumption15. In teens, the impact of drowsy driving can be amplified by a lack of driving experience and a higher rate of distracted driving16.
By almost all accounts, many teenagers in America are not getting the recommended 8-10 hours of sleep per night. In the 2006 Sleep in America Poll by the National Sleep Foundation, 45% of adolescents reported getting less than eight hours per night.
The problem may be getting worse. Data from four national surveys conducted from 2007-2013 found that nearly 69% of high school students got seven or fewer hours of sleep per night. Estimates place the rate of insomnia in adolescents as high as 23.8%17.
Insufficient sleep among teens has been found to be higher among women than men. Older teens report getting less sleep than people in early adolescence. Surveys have also found that teens who identify as Black, Asian, and multiracial have the highest rates of sleeping less than eight hours per night.
There is no single reason for sleep insufficiency among teens. Several factors contribute to this problem, and these factors may vary from teenager to teenager.
During adolescence, there is a strong tendency toward being a “night owl,” staying up later at night and sleeping longer into the morning. Experts believe this is a two-fold biological impulse affecting the circadian rhythm and sleep-wake cycle of teens.
First, teens have a sleep drive that builds more slowly, which means they don’t start to feel tired until later in the evening. Second, the body waits longer to start producing melatonin, which is the hormone that helps promote sleep.
If allowed to sleep on their own schedule, many teens would get eight hours or more per night, sleeping from 11 p.m. or midnight until 8 or 9 a.m., but school start times18 in most school districts force teens to wake up much earlier in the morning. Because of the biological delay in their sleep-wake cycle, many teens simply aren’t able to fall asleep early enough to get eight or more hours of sleep and still arrive at school on time.
With reduced sleep on weekdays, teens may try to catch up by sleeping in on the weekend, but this may exacerbate their delayed sleep schedule and inconsistent nightly rest.
Teens often have their hands full. School assignments, work obligations, household chores, social life, community activities, and sports are just some of the things that can require their time and attention.
With so much to try to fit into each day, many teens don’t allocate sufficient time for sleep. They may stay up late during the week to finish homework or during the weekend when hanging out with friends, both of which can reinforce their night owl schedule.
Pressure to succeed while managing these extensive commitments can be stressful, and excess stress has been known to contribute to sleeping problems and insomnia.
Electronic devices like cell phones and tablets are ubiquitous among teens, and research, such as the 2014 Sleep in America Poll, finds that 89% or more of teens keep at least one device in their bedroom at night.
Screen time late into the evening can contribute to sleeping problems. Using these devices can keep teens’ brains wired, and incoming notifications can cause disrupted and fragmented sleep. Evidence also points to suppressed melatonin production from exposure to the light from cell phones.
Some teens have poor sleep because of an underlying sleep disorder. Adolescents can be affected19 by obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), which causes repeated pauses in breathing during sleep. OSA frequently causes fragmented sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness.
Though less common, teens can have sleep disorders like Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS), which involves a strong urge to move the limbs when lying down, and narcolepsy, which is a disorder affecting the sleep-wake cycle.
Mental health conditions like anxiety and depression can be a challenge to quality sleep in teens as well as adults. Insufficient sleep can contribute to these conditions as well, creating a bidirectional relationship that can worsen both sleep and emotional wellness.
Neurodevelopmental disorders, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD)20, can make it harder for teens to sleep well. Lack of sleep may also contribute to more pronounced symptoms of these conditions.
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Teens who are having sleep problems should start by talking with their doctor about how much sleep they are getting and how it impacts their daily life. Their pediatrician can work to identify any underlying causes and craft the most appropriate and tailored treatment.
Depending on the cause of sleep problems, medications may be considered; however, in most cases, treatment with medications isn’t necessary for teens to get better sleep.
A beneficial step is for teens to review and improve their sleep hygiene, which includes their sleep environment and habits. Some healthy sleep tips that can help in this process include:
Sleep hygiene modifications may be included in cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), a form of talk therapy for sleeping problems that has demonstrated effectiveness in adults and may be helpful to teens. CBT-I works by reshaping negative ideas and thoughts about sleep and implementing practical steps for better sleep routines.
For many parents, a first step is asking their teenage children about their sleep since surveys indicate that many parents don’t realize that their children are having sleeping problems.
Parents can encourage teens to see a doctor while also working with their children to make gradual sleep hygiene improvements. Some research has found that teens whose parents set a firm bedtime get more sleep and have less daytime drowsiness21.
Another avenue for parents is advocating for later start times with their local school district. A number of districts have experimented with delayed starts and found beneficial results22 as measured by attendance and academic performance.
Parents can also work with their teens to avoid overscheduling and commitments that can generate stress and trade off with adequate time for sleep.
+24 Sources
1. Tarokh, L., Saletin, J. M., & Carskadon, M. A. (2016). Sleep in adolescence: Physiology, cognition and mental health. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 70, 182–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.008
2. Sio, U. N., Monaghan, P., & Ormerod, T. (2013). Sleep on it, but only if it is difficult: effects of sleep on problem solving. Memory & cognition, 41(2), 159–166. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-012-0256-7
3. King, E., Daunis, M., Tami,
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Adolescence (15-17 years old) | CDC
Alcohol and teenagers - Better Health Channel
Sleep for Teenagers | Sleep Foundation
Adolescent sexuality - Wikipedia
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