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Trans Bite
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Though human bites might not seem serious or severe, they can cause complications that are very damaging and painful. While this type of injury is typically associated with children, everyone – from children to adults – is susceptible to the potentially dangerous aftereffects.
Patil, Pradnya D, Panchabhai, Tanmay S, Galwankar, Sagar C. Managing human bites. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2776367/) Journal of Emergencies, Trauma and Shock. 2009; 2(3): 186-190. Accessed 5/5/2020.
American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. Human Bites (http://www.orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00003) Accessed 5/5/2020.
Bula-Rudas, Fernando J, Olcott, Jessica L. Human and Animal Bites. (https://pedsinreview-aappublications-org.ccmain.ohionet.org/content/pedsinreview/39/10/490.full.pdf) Pediatrics in Review. 2018; 39(10). Accessed 5/5/2020.
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Human bites are exactly what they sound like, though they are a little more dangerous than you might think. Compared with other mammals (like dogs, bears and big cats), humans don’t have the strongest bite, at 162 lbs per square inch. However, if the skin is broken, tendons and joints may be damaged. Although it’s uncommon, this scenario is most likely to occur in children who are play-fighting.
Around 250,000 human bites are reported each year, among both adults and children – 10% of children who are bitten develop an infection, resulting from bacteria found in human saliva, specifically aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Bites to the face also account for a small number of overall cases, however they’re very common among children under 10 years old. While children are most likely to suffer one of these injuries, they typically transmit less bacteria, leading to fewer infections in these instances. Men are generally more affected by human bites than women.
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You might be surprised to learn that, yes, there’s more than one type of human bite. There are two different, distinct types:
It’s likely that you will experience pain and tenderness wherever the injury occurred. The site of the injury may also bleed and swell up. There are certain signs that can tell you if your wound has been infected, including:
If you’ve been bitten on your finger and lose feeling in your fingertips or have trouble bending or fully straightening your finger, it’s likely a sign that you’ve damaged some tendons and/or nerves.
First, clean out the wound. This should be done with saline solution (salt water) and/or povidone iodine (an antiseptic solution) – but only if it’s been diluted to a 1% concentration. If you have access to a syringe, you should use it to wash the wound, as the pressure will help reduce the level of bacteria. You need to be very careful at this stage not to further damage the wound or the surrounding tissue. If needed, remove any loose, dead skin or foreign objects from the wound (unless you’re worried that you’ll injure yourself further).
If you get bitten, especially on the hands or in a sensitive area, you should go to the doctor for an evaluation because of the high risk of infection and possible complications. Here’s what you can expect:
If you or your child isn’t up to date with your vaccinations, a tetanus shot might be necessary. And any bites that puncture the skin deeper than one centimeter also require an immediate tetanus shot.
You’ll need to follow up with your doctor in 24 to 72 hours, and even quicker if you begin noticing any signs of infection.
Your doctor might prescribe medication for you, if needed. Antibiotics might be recommended for soft-tissue infections (7 to 10 days), severe infections (10 to 14 days) and severe bone/joint infections (4 to 6 weeks).
Amoxicillin (Augmentin®) is one type of antibiotic that can be used, though not for those who are allergic to penicillin. If you’re allergic to penicillin, you will likely be prescribed clindamycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethotrexate or ciprofloxacin (Cipro®). Trimethoprim/sulfamethotrexate is most commonly used with children.
Your overall health and where you were bitten are factors. You’re more likely to get an infection following a bite if you:
The risk of infection depends on the type of wound and its location, the general medical condition of the patient and the time that elapses between when the injury occurred and when it is treated.
There can be complications if you don’t get to the ER quickly enough because the infection can spread over time. Bite wounds on the hands, upper limbs, nose and ear cartilage tend to pose more complications than those on other parts of the body. Even a seemingly minor injury can damage the underlying joints, tendons or bones, or lead to a serious infection. There are a few different signs that your human bite wound may be turning into something worse, including:
These infections might cause permanent damage to the affected part of the body unless they’re treated quickly. For example, a closed fist bite can cause damage to the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint, sometimes leading to arthritis. In a worst-case scenario, amputation is possible. With occlusion bites, you may be at risk of developing osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, tenosynovitis and/or tendinitis.
There has been anecdotal evidence of human bites transmitting HIV and tetanus, though both are extremely rare and unlikely.
Human bite wounds can be very dangerous, largely due to the many types of bacteria transmitted through human saliva. Complications from a human bite can be very serious, including severe infection and permanently damaged bones, joints and/or tendons. It’s unlikely that a human bite will be fatal, especially if you seek out proper medical care, particularly around the infection.
The recovery time from a human bite varies greatly depending on a couple different factors:
Even after you’re initially treated, you should closely monitor the wound area to watch for signs of infection. Severe bites may have lasting effects, ranging from long-lasting effects to scarring. Remember, it’s important to see your doctor if you’re dealing with a human bite, to minimize any complications.
Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 07/02/2020.
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When It’s Time for Professional Help
A crossbite is common among young people and adults. You may have difficulty chewing food, or your dentist may have pointed it out to you during a checkup. There are several options for correcting a crossbite, no matter your age. Learn what precisely a crossbite is, what causes it, and the six treatment options.
A crossbite describes when the lower teeth cover one or more upper teeth when you bite. Crossbite is sometimes called a misaligned bite or malocclusion because it's an irregular contact between the upper and lower teeth. This intermittent contact can happen in several places in the mouth.
Symptoms of a crossbite can include headaches, jaw pain, and tooth decay. Crossbite can also affect the appearance of the teeth and lips. A crossbite in the teeth at the back of the mouth can cause teeth grinding, abnormal facial development, jaw problems, and wear on the teeth.
A crossbite is a form of malocclusion. Malocclusion is an irregular or rough contact between the upper and lower teeth. When the upper and lower teeth align, chewing and biting is easier. Misaligned bites may lead to worn enamel, cracked, or broken teeth.
There are several causes of malocclusion, including:
In most instances, crossbite correction involves orthodontics , including options like braces. Braces are usually used in childhood or early adolescence when the jaws are still developing and growing. However, it is never too late to seek treatment. Orthodontists can treat both children and adults. Treatment is often in phases and sometimes requires extraction of the baby teeth or even permanent teeth. In rare cases, surgery may be necessary, especially in severe instances. A maxillofacial surgeon does this orthognathic procedure to shorten the lower jaw to allow proper teeth alignment.
Proper care of the teeth and mouth, like brushing and flossing , is critical for the best results throughout any treatment. Braces can create significant challenges in keeping the teeth clean and healthy. Your dental hygienist will recommend techniques to help fight decay.
When patients are young, orthodontists can adjust the shape and alignment of jaws and teeth more easily. Braces or dental restorations can still be effective for correcting mild misalignment, even for older patients. However, if the crossbite is severe, the patient may need jaw surgery.
Your age, the cause, and the type of crossbite will impact which treatment your dentist or orthodontist recommends. There are six possible treatment options:
Work with your dental hygienist on maintaining your oral hygiene routine while going through treatment. Bacteria that cause tooth decay can thrive in nooks and crannies around braces. The truth is that crossbite can only be corrected with the help of a dental professional. Talk with your dentist if you're concerned about your crossbite or any malocclusion. They can find the best treatment for your case, and you can take care of that misaligned bite.
This article is intended to promote understanding of and knowledge about general oral health topics. It is not intended to be a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of your dentist or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or treatment.
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