Toucher sa gorge

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Toucher sa gorge
Collins French-English Dictionary © by HarperCollins Publishers. All rights reserved.
Elle n’a pas regardé la fin du film.
She didn’t watch the end of the film.
À la fin, il a réussi à se décider.
In the end he managed to make up his mind.
Il sera en vacances fin juin.
He’ll be on holiday at the end of June.
à la fin de la guerre
at the end of the war
en fin de journée
at the end of the day
en fin de semaine
at the end of the week
en fin de compte
when all’s said and done
toucher à sa fin
to be drawing to a close
sans fin
( adjectif ) endless ; ( adverbe ) endlessly
mener à bonne fin
to bring to a successful conclusion
à toutes fins utiles
for your information
Collins French-English Dictionary © by HarperCollins Publishers. All rights reserved.
Collins French-English Dictionary © by HarperCollins Publishers. All rights reserved.
le toucher
touch ⧫ the sense of touch
prière de ne pas toucher
please don’t touch
Ce pull a l’air doux. Je peux toucher ?
That sweater looks soft. Can I feel it?
La balle l’a touché en pleine poitrine.
The bullet hit him right in the chest.
[ gentillesse, compliment ] to touch
Leurs attentions l’ont beaucoup touché.
Their kind attentions touched him deeply.
sa mort m’a beaucoup touché
his death hit me hard
Ces nouvelles réformes ne nous touchent pas.
The new reforms don’t affect us.
[ récompense, argent ] to receive ⧫ to get
Il a touché une grosse somme d’argent.
He received a large sum of money.
je vais lui en toucher un mot
I’ll have a word with him about it
Ne touche pas à mes livres !
Don’t touch my books!
Quelqu’un a touché au dispositif de sécurité.
Someone has tampered with the safety device.
Cet article touche à des sujets d’actualité.
This article deals with topical issues.
toucher au but
to near one’s goal
toucher à sa fin
to be drawing to a close
Leur jardin touche au nôtre.
Their garden is next to ours.
Collins French-English Dictionary © by HarperCollins Publishers. All rights reserved.
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Translation of toucher à sa fin from the Collins French to English

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 21 July 2022 .
Christian saint and martyr (died 303)
Portrait by Hans von Kulmbach (c. 1510)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint George structured art gallery .
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint George .
Saint George ( Greek : Γεώργιος (Geórgios); died 23 April 303), also George of Lydda , was a Christian who is venerated as a saint in Christianity . According to tradition he was a soldier in the Roman army . Saint George was a soldier of Cappadocian Greek origin and member of the Praetorian Guard for Roman emperor Diocletian , who was sentenced to death for refusing to recant his Christian faith. He became one of the most venerated saints and megalomartyrs in Christianity, and he has been especially venerated as a military saint since the Crusades . He is respected by Christians, Druze, as well as some Muslims as a martyr of monotheistic faith.

In hagiography , as one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers and one of the most prominent military saints , he is immortalized in the legend of Saint George and the Dragon . His memorial, Saint George's Day , is traditionally celebrated on 23 April. Historically, the countries of England , Ethiopia , Georgia , Catalonia and Aragon in Spain, and Moscow in Russia have claimed George as their patron saint, as have several other regions, cities, universities, professions and organizations. The Church of Saint George in Lod , Israel contains a sarcophagus believed by many Christians to contain St. George's remains. [6]

Very little is known about George's life, but it is thought he was a Roman officer of Greek descent who was martyred in one of the pre-Constantinian persecutions . [7] Beyond this, early sources give conflicting information.

The saint's veneration dates to the 5th century with some certainty, and possibly even to the 4th. The addition of the dragon legend dates to the 11th century.

The earliest text which preserves fragments of George's narrative is in a Greek hagiography which is identified by Hippolyte Delehaye of the scholarly Bollandists to be a palimpsest of the 5th century. [8] An earlier work by Eusebius , Church history , written in the 4th century, contributed to the legend but did not name George or provide significant detail. [9] The work of the Bollandists Daniel Papebroch , Jean Bolland , and Godfrey Henschen in the 17th century was one of the first pieces of scholarly research to establish the saint's historicity, via their publications in Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca . [10] Pope Gelasius I stated in 494 that George was among those saints "whose names are justly reverenced among men, but whose actions are known only to God." [11]

The most complete version, based upon the fifth-century Greek text but in a later form, survives in a translation into Syriac from about 600. From text fragments preserved in the British Library a translation into English was published in 1925. [12] [13] [14]

In the Greek tradition, George was born to Greek Christian parents, in Cappadocia . After his father died, his mother, who was originally from Lydda , in Syria Palaestina , returned with George to her hometown. [15] He went on to become a soldier for the Roman army , but, because of his Christian faith, he was arrested and tortured, "at or near Lydda, also called Diospolis "; on the following day, he was paraded and then beheaded, and his body was buried in Lydda. [15] According to other sources, after his mother's death he travelled to the eastern imperial capital, Nicomedia , [16] where he was persecuted by one Dadianus . In later versions of the Greek legend, this name is rationalised to Diocletian , and George's martyrdom is placed in the Diocletian persecution of AD 303. The setting in Nicomedia is also secondary, and inconsistent with the earliest cults of the saint being located in Diospolis . [17]


George was executed by decapitation on 23 April 303. A witness of his suffering convinced Empress Alexandra of Rome to become a Christian as well, so she joined George in martyrdom. His body was buried in Lydda , where Christians soon came to honour him as a martyr. [18] [19]
The Latin Passio Sancti Georgii (6th century) follows the general course of the Greek legend, but Diocletian here becomes Dacian, Emperor of the Persians . His martyrdom was greatly extended to more than twenty separate tortures over the course of seven years. Over the course of his martyrdom, 40,900 pagans were converted to Christianity, including the empress Alexandra. When George finally died, the wicked Dacian was carried away in a whirlwind of fire. In later Latin versions, the persecutor is the Roman emperor Decius , or a Roman judge named Dacian serving under Diocletian. [20]

There is little information on the early life of George. Herbert Thurston in The Catholic Encyclopedia states that based upon an ancient cultus, narratives of the early pilgrims, and the early dedications of churches to George, going back to the fourth century, "there seems, therefore, no ground for doubting the historical existence of St. George", although no faith can be placed in either the details of his history or his alleged exploits. [21]

The Diocletianic Persecution of 303, associated with military saints because the persecution was aimed at Christians among the professional soldiers of the Roman army , is of undisputed historicity. According to Donald Attwater ,

No historical particulars of his life have survived, ... The widespread veneration for St George as a soldier saint from early times had its centre in Palestine at Diospolis, now Lydda . St George was apparently martyred there, at the end of the third or the beginning of the fourth century; that is all that can be reasonably surmised about him. [22]
Edward Gibbon [23] [24] argued that George, or at least the legend from which the above is distilled, is based on George of Cappadocia , [25] [17] a notorious 4th-century Arian bishop who was Athanasius of Alexandria 's most bitter rival, and that it was he who in time became George of England. This identification is seen as highly improbable. Bishop George was slain by Gentile Greeks for exacting onerous taxes, especially inheritance taxes. J. B. Bury , who edited the 1906 edition of Gibbon's The Decline and Fall , wrote "this theory of Gibbon's has nothing to be said for it". He adds that: "the connection of St. George with a dragon-slaying legend does not relegate him to the region of the myth". [21] Saint George in all likelihood was martyred before the year 290. [26]

The legend of Saint George and the Dragon was first recorded in the 11th century, in a Georgian source. [27]
It reached Catholic Europe in the 12th century. In the Golden Legend , by 13th-century Archbishop of Genoa Jacobus de Voragine , George's death was at the hands of Dacian , and about the year 287. [ citation needed ]

The tradition tells that a fierce dragon was causing panic at the city of Silene, Libya , at the time George arrived there. In order to prevent the dragon from devastating people from the city, they gave two sheep each day to the dragon, but when the sheep were not enough they were forced to sacrifice humans instead of the two sheep. The human to be sacrificed was elected by the city's own people and one time the king's daughter was chosen to be sacrificed but no one was willing to take her place. George saved the girl by slaying the dragon with a lance. The king was so grateful that he offered him treasures as a reward for saving his daughter's life, but George refused it and instead he gave these to the poor. The people of the city were so amazed at what they had witnessed that they became Christians and were all baptized. [28]

The Golden Legend offered a narration of George's encounter with a dragon .
This account was very influential and it remains the most familiar version in English owing to William Caxton 's 15th-century translation. [29]

In the medieval romances, the lance with which George slew the dragon was called Ascalon, after the Levantine city of Ashkelon , today in Israel. The name Ascalon was used by Winston Churchill for his personal aircraft during World War II , according to records at Bletchley Park . [30] Several sculptures of George battling the dragon can be found in Stockholm , the earliest inside Storkyrkan ("The Great Church") in the Old Town. Iconography of the horseman with spear overcoming evil was widespread throughout the Christian period. [31]

George ( Arabic : جرجس , Jirjis or Girgus ) is included in some Muslim texts as a prophetic figure. The Islamic sources state that he lived among a group of believers who were in direct contact with the last apostles of Jesus . He is described as a rich merchant who opposed erection of Apollo 's statue by Mosul 's king Dadan. After confronting the king, George was tortured many times to no effect, was imprisoned and was aided by the angels. Eventually, he exposed that the idols were possessed by Satan, but was martyred when the city was destroyed by God in a rain of fire. [32]

Muslim scholars had tried to find a historical connection of the saint due to his popularity. [33] According to Muslim legend, he was martyred under the rule of Diocletian and was killed three times but resurrected every time. The legend is more developed in the Persian version of al-Tabari wherein he resurrects the dead, makes trees sprout and pillars bear flowers. After one of his deaths, the world is covered by darkness which is lifted only when he is resurrected. He is able to convert the queen but she is put to death. He then prays to God to allow him to die, which is granted. [34]

Al-Thaʿlabi states that he was from Palestine and lived in the times of some disciples of Jesus . He was killed many times by the king of Mosul, and resurrected each time. When the king tried to starve him, he touched a piece of dry wood brought by a woman and turned it green, with varieties of fruits and vegetables growing from it. After his fourth death, the city was burnt along with him. Ibn al-Athir 's account of one of his deaths is parallel to the crucifixion of Jesus , stating, "When he died, God sent stormy winds and thunder and lightning and dark clouds, so that darkness fell between heaven and earth, and people were in great wonderment." The account adds that the darkness was lifted after his resurrection. [33]

A titular church built in Lydda during the reign of Constantine the Great (reigned 306–337) was consecrated to "a man of the highest distinction", according to the church history of Eusebius ; the name of the titulus "patron" was not disclosed, but later he was asserted [ by whom? ] to have been George.

The veneration of George spread from Syria Palaestina through Lebanon to the rest of the Byzantine Empire – though the martyr is not mentioned in the Syriac Breviarium [19] – and the region east of the Black Sea .
By the 5th century, the veneration of George had reached the Christian Western Roman Empire , as well: in 494, George was canonized as a saint by Pope Gelasius I , among those "whose names are justly reverenced among men, but whose acts are known only to [God]." [ citation needed ]

The early cult of the saint was localized in Diospolis (Lydda) , in Palestine.
The first description of Lydda as a pilgrimage site where George's relics were venerated is De Situ Terrae Sanctae by
the archdeacon Theodosius, written between 518 and 530.
By the end of the 6th century, the center of his veneration appears to have shifted to Cappadocia .
The Life of Saint Theodore of Sykeon , written in the 7th century, mentions the veneration of the relics of the saint in Cappadocia. [35]

By the time of the early Muslim conquests of the mostly Christian and Zoroastrian Middle East, a basilica in Lydda dedicated to George existed. [36] A new church was erected in 1872 and is still standing, where the feast of the translation of the relics of Saint George to that location is celebrated on November 3 each year. [37] In England, he was mentioned among the martyrs by the 8th-century monk Bede . The Georgslied is an adaptation of his legend in Old High German , composed in the late 9th century. The earliest dedication to the saint in England is a church at Fordington, Dorset , that is mentioned in the will of Alfred the Great . [38] George did not rise to the position of "patron saint" of England, however, until the 14th century, and he was still obscured by Edward the Confessor , the traditional patron saint of England, until in 1552 during the reign of Edward VI all saints' banners other than George's were abolished in the English Reformation . [39] [40]

Belief in an apparition of George heartened the Franks at the Battle of Antioch in 1098, [41] and a similar appearance occurred the following year at Jerusalem. The chivalric military Order of Sant Jordi d'Alfama was established by king Peter the Catholic from the Crown of Aragon in 1201, Republic of Genoa , Kingdom of Hungary (1326), and by Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor . [42] Edward III of England put his Order of the Garter under the banner of George, probably in 1348. The chronicler Jean Froissart observed the English invoking George as a battle cry on several occasions during the Hundred Years' War . In his rise as a national saint, George was aided by the very fact that the saint had no legendary connection with England, and no specifically localized shrine, as that of Thomas Becket at Canterbury: "Consequently, numerous shrines were established during the late fifteenth century," Muriel C. McClendon has written, [43] "and his did not become closely identified with a particular occupation or with the cure of a specific malady."

In the wake of the Crusades, George became a model of chivalry in works of literature, including medieval romances . In the 13th century, Jacobus de Voragine , Archbishop of Genoa, compiled the Legenda Sanctorum , ( Readings of the Saints ) also known as Legenda Aurea (the Golden Legend ). Its 177 chapters (182 in some editions) include the story of George, among many others. After the invention of the printing press, the book became a bestseller.

The establishment of George as a popular saint and protective giant [44] in the West, that had captured the medieval imagination, was codified by the official elevation of his feast to a festum duplex [45] at a church council in 1415, on the date that had become associated with his martyrdom, 23 April. There was wide latitude from community to community in celebration of the day across late medieval and early modern England, [46] and no uniform "national" celebration elsewhere, a token of the popular and vernacular nature of George's cultus and its local horizons, supported by a local guild or confraternity under George's protection, or the dedication of a local church. When the English Reformation severely curtailed the saints' days in the calendar, Saint George's Day was among the holidays that continued to be observed.

In April 2019, the parish church of São Jorge , in São Jorge , Madeira Island , Portugal , solemnly received the relics
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