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Тиопентал натрия — Википедия

Sodium thiopental , also known as Sodium Pentothal a trademark of Abbott Laboratories , thiopental , thiopentone , or Trapanal also a trademark , or Fatal-Plus in veterinary euthanasia contexts, is a rapid-onset short-acting barbiturate general anesthetic. It is the thiobarbiturate analog of pentobarbital , and an analog of thiobarbital. Sodium thiopental is an ultra-short-acting barbiturate and has been used commonly in the induction phase of general anesthesia. Its use has been largely replaced with that of propofol , but retains popularity as an induction agent for rapid-sequence intubation and in obstetrics. Thereafter, the drug distributes to the rest of the body, and in about 5—10 minutes the concentration is low enough in the brain that consciousness returns. However, larger or repeated doses can depress the baby. Sodium thiopental is not used to maintain anesthesia in surgical procedures because, in infusion, it displays zero-order elimination pharmacokinetics , leading to a long period before consciousness is regained. Instead, anesthesia is usually maintained with an inhaled anesthetic gas agent. Inhaled anesthetics are eliminated relatively quickly, so that stopping the inhaled anesthetic will allow rapid return of consciousness. Sodium thiopental would have to be given in large amounts to maintain an anesthetic plane, and because of its In veterinary medicine , sodium thiopental is used to induce anesthesia in animals. Since it is redistributed to fat, certain lean breeds of dogs such as sighthounds will have prolonged recoveries from sodium thiopental due to their lack of body fat and their lean body mass. Conversely, obese animals will have rapid recoveries, but it will be some time \\\\\\\\\\\\[ vague \\\\\\\\\\\\] before it is entirely removed metabolized from their bodies. Sodium thiopental is always administered intravenously, as it can be fairly irritating; severe tissue necrosis and sloughing can occur if it is injected incorrectly into the tissue around a vein. Sodium thiopental generally produces less hypotension than an equivalent dose of propofol when used for induction of anaesthesia. This is partly because both drugs decrease systemic vascular resistance, but thiopentone as opposed to propofol tends to preserve the reflex tachycardia seen in states of acute hypotension, which can restore cardiac output. In addition to anesthesia induction, sodium thiopental was historically used to induce medical comas. Patients with brain swelling, causing elevation of intracranial pressure, either secondary to trauma or following surgery, may benefit from this drug. Sodium thiopental, and the barbiturate class of drugs, decrease neuronal activity thereby decreasing cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption CMRO2 , decrease intracranial vascular response to carbon dioxide CO2 , which in turn decreases intracranial pressure. Patients with refractory elevated intracranial pressure RICH due to traumatic brain injury TBI may have improved long term outcome when barbiturate coma is added to their neurointensive care treatment. In refractory status epilepticus , thiopental may be used to terminate a seizure. Sodium thiopental is used intravenously for the purposes of euthanasia. In both Belgium and the Netherlands, where active euthanasia is allowed by law, the standard protocol recommends sodium thiopental as the ideal agent to induce coma, followed by pancuronium bromide to paralyze muscles and stop breathing. Intravenous administration is the most reliable and rapid way to accomplish euthanasia. Death is quick. Along with pancuronium bromide and potassium chloride , thiopental is used in 34 states of the United States to execute prisoners by lethal injection. A very large dose is given to ensure rapid loss of consciousness. Although death usually occurs within ten minutes of the beginning of the injection process, some have been known to take longer. On December 8, , Ohio became the first state to use a single dose of sodium thiopental for its capital execution, following the failed use of the standard three-drug cocktail during a recent execution, due to inability to locate suitable veins. Kenneth Biros was executed using the single-drug method. Washington became the second state in the US to use the single-dose sodium thiopental injections for executions. On September 10, , the execution of Cal Coburn Brown was the first in the state to use a single-dose, single-drug injection. His death was pronounced approximately one and a half minutes after the intravenous administration of five grams of the drug. After its use for the execution of Jeffrey Landrigan in the US, the UK introduced a ban on the export of sodium thiopental in December , \\\\\\\\\\\\[20\\\\\\\\\\\\] after it was established that no European supplies to the US were being used for any other purpose. Thiopental Pentothal is still used in some places as a truth serum to weaken the resolve of a subject and make them more compliant to pressure. Some psychiatrists \\\\\\\\\\\\[ who? The drug tends to make subjects loquacious and cooperative with interrogators; however, the reliability of confessions made under thiopental is questionable. Psychiatrists have used thiopental to desensitize patients with phobias \\\\\\\\\\\\[26\\\\\\\\\\\\] and to 'facilitate the recall of painful repressed memories. Sodium thiopental is a member of the barbiturate class of drugs, which are relatively non-selective compounds that bind to an entire superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels, of which the GABA A receptor channel is one of several representatives. Surprisingly, while GABA A receptor currents are increased by barbiturates and other general anesthetics , ligand-gated ion channels that are predominantly permeable for cationic ions are blocked by these compounds. For example, neuronal nAChR channels are blocked by clinically relevant anesthetic concentrations of both sodium thiopental and pentobarbital. Following a shortage that led a court to delay an execution in California , a company spokesman for Hospira , the sole American manufacturer of the drug, objected to the use of thiopental in lethal injection. The drug is not indicated for capital punishment and Hospira does not support its use in this procedure. Italy was the only viable place where the company could produce sodium thiopental, leaving the United States without a supplier. Thiopental rapidly and easily crosses the blood brain barrier as it is a lipophilic molecule. As with all lipid-soluble anaesthetic drugs, the short duration of action of sodium thiopental is due almost entirely to its redistribution away from central circulation towards muscle and fat tissue, due to its very high fat:water partition coefficient approximately 10 , leading to sequestration in fat tissue. Once redistributed, the free fraction in the blood is metabolized in the liver. Premedication with sedatives such as benzodiazepines or clonidine will reduce requirements, as do specific disease states and other patient factors. Among patient factors are: age, sex, and lean body mass. Specific disease conditions that can alter the dose requirements of thiopentone and for that matter any other intravenous anaesthetic are: hypovolemia , burns, azotemia , liver failure , hypoproteinemia , etc. As with nearly all anesthetic drugs , thiopental causes cardiovascular and respiratory depression resulting in hypotension , apnea , and airway obstruction. For these reasons, only suitably trained medical personnel should give thiopental in an environment suitably equipped to deal with these effects. Side effects include headache, agitated emergence , prolonged somnolence , and nausea. The hangover from the side effects may last up to 36 hours. Co-administration of pentoxifylline and thiopental causes death by acute pulmonary edema in rats. This pulmonary edema was not mediated by cardiac failure or by pulmonary hypertension but was due to increased pulmonary vascular permeability. Sodium thiopental was discovered in the early s by Ernest H. Volwiler and Donalee L. Tabern, working for Abbott Laboratories. It was first used in human beings on March 8, , by Dr. Ralph M. Waters \\\\\\\\\\\\[39\\\\\\\\\\\\] in an investigation of its properties, which were short-term anesthesia and surprisingly little analgesia. John S. Lundy started a clinical trial of thiopental at the Mayo Clinic at the request of Abbott. Thiopental is famously associated with a number of anesthetic deaths in victims of the attack on Pearl Harbor. However, recent evidence available through freedom of information legislation was reviewed in the British Journal of Anaesthesia , \\\\\\\\\\\\[43\\\\\\\\\\\\] which has suggested that this story was grossly exaggerated. Of the wounded that were admitted to the Tripler Army Hospital , only 13 did not survive, and it is unlikely that thiopentone overdose was responsible for more than a few of these. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Not to be confused with pentobarbital or Phenobarbital. IUPAC name. Interactive image. Further information: Lethal injection. Further information: Truth serum. Main article: Barbiturate. II: Studies at cesarean section'. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Geneva: World Health Organization. World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list Spiegel Online International. Retrieved 23 January New York. December Elsevier Health Sciences. Retrieved 13 August Archived from the original on 19 August Retrieved 18 August Crit Care. Br J Pharmacol. February Preliminary report of 20 patients\\\\\\\\\\\\]' PDF. Neurocirugia Astur in Spanish. Archived from the original PDF on Retrieved The Hague. Archived from the original on Associated Press. CBS News. The Seattle Times. BBC News. Sydney Morning Herald. January 12, The Howdunit Book of Poisons Howdunit. Cincinnati: Writers Digest Books. The American Journal of Psychiatry. American Psychiatric Association. February 24, Newsletter of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies. British Journal of Pharmacology. Toxicology Letters. University of Virginia School of Medicine. New York Times. Fox News. Determination of this drug and its metabolites in plasma and urine by liquid phase chromatography and mass spectrometry\\\\\\\\\\\\]'. April 12, James; R. Hift July 1, Retrieved September 25, October Anesthesia History Association. ASA Newsletter. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists. American Association of Nurse Anesthetists. History of Anesthesia with Emphasis on the Nurse Specialist. Br J Anaesth. General anesthetics N01A. Fospropofol Propofol. Hexobarbital Methohexital Narcobarbital Thiopental Thiotetrabarbital. Alfadolone Alfaxalone Hydroxydione. Etomidate Metomidate Propoxate. Glutethimide Methyprylon Pyrithyldione Piperidione. Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors Etoperidone Nefazodone Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants Amitriptyline Doxepin Trimipramine , etc. Tetracyclic antidepressants Mianserin Mirtazapine , etc. Typical antipsychotics Chlorpromazine Thioridazine , etc. Atypical antipsychotics Olanzapine Quetiapine Risperidone , etc. Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants Amitriptyline Doxepin Trimipramine , etc. Agomelatine Melatonin Ramelteon Tasimelteon. Almorexant Filorexant Lemborexant Suvorexant. Gabapentin Gabapentin enacarbil Mirogabalin Phenibut Pregabalin. GABA A receptor positive modulators. Fospropofol Propofol Thymol. Glutethimide Methyprylon Piperidione Pyrithyldione. Glycine receptor modulators. See here instead. Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators. Medicine portal. Hidden categories: CS1 maint: others All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Spanish-language sources es CS1: long volume value Articles with dead external links from June CS1 French-language sources fr Template:drugs. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. In other projects Wikimedia Commons. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Phenols Fospropofol Propofol.

Тиопентал натрия — Википедия

Тиопентал натрия

Sodium thiopental , also known as Sodium Pentothal a trademark of Abbott Laboratories , thiopental , thiopentone , or Trapanal also a trademark , or Fatal-Plus in veterinary euthanasia contexts, is a rapid-onset short-acting barbiturate general anesthetic. It is the thiobarbiturate analog of pentobarbital , and an analog of thiobarbital. Sodium thiopental is an ultra-short-acting barbiturate and has been used commonly in the induction phase of general anesthesia. Its use has been largely replaced with that of propofol , but retains popularity as an induction agent for rapid-sequence intubation and in obstetrics. Thereafter, the drug distributes to the rest of the body, and in about 5—10 minutes the concentration is low enough in the brain that consciousness returns. However, larger or repeated doses can depress the baby. Sodium thiopental is not used to maintain anesthesia in surgical procedures because, in infusion, it displays zero-order elimination pharmacokinetics , leading to a long period before consciousness is regained. Instead, anesthesia is usually maintained with an inhaled anesthetic gas agent. Inhaled anesthetics are eliminated relatively quickly, so that stopping the inhaled anesthetic will allow rapid return of consciousness. Sodium thiopental would have to be given in large amounts to maintain an anesthetic plane, and because of its In veterinary medicine , sodium thiopental is used to induce anesthesia in animals. Since it is redistributed to fat, certain lean breeds of dogs such as sighthounds will have prolonged recoveries from sodium thiopental due to their lack of body fat and their lean body mass. Conversely, obese animals will have rapid recoveries, but it will be some time \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[ vague \\\\\\\\\\\\\\] before it is entirely removed metabolized from their bodies. Sodium thiopental is always administered intravenously, as it can be fairly irritating; severe tissue necrosis and sloughing can occur if it is injected incorrectly into the tissue around a vein. Sodium thiopental generally produces less hypotension than an equivalent dose of propofol when used for induction of anaesthesia. This is partly because both drugs decrease systemic vascular resistance, but thiopentone as opposed to propofol tends to preserve the reflex tachycardia seen in states of acute hypotension, which can restore cardiac output. In addition to anesthesia induction, sodium thiopental was historically used to induce medical comas. Patients with brain swelling, causing elevation of intracranial pressure, either secondary to trauma or following surgery, may benefit from this drug. Sodium thiopental, and the barbiturate class of drugs, decrease neuronal activity thereby decreasing cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption CMRO2 , decrease intracranial vascular response to carbon dioxide CO2 , which in turn decreases intracranial pressure. Patients with refractory elevated intracranial pressure RICH due to traumatic brain injury TBI may have improved long term outcome when barbiturate coma is added to their neurointensive care treatment. In refractory status epilepticus , thiopental may be used to terminate a seizure. Sodium thiopental is used intravenously for the purposes of euthanasia. In both Belgium and the Netherlands, where active euthanasia is allowed by law, the standard protocol recommends sodium thiopental as the ideal agent to induce coma, followed by pancuronium bromide to paralyze muscles and stop breathing. Intravenous administration is the most reliable and rapid way to accomplish euthanasia. Death is quick. Along with pancuronium bromide and potassium chloride , thiopental is used in 34 states of the United States to execute prisoners by lethal injection. A very large dose is given to ensure rapid loss of consciousness. Although death usually occurs within ten minutes of the beginning of the injection process, some have been known to take longer. On December 8, , Ohio became the first state to use a single dose of sodium thiopental for its capital execution, following the failed use of the standard three-drug cocktail during a recent execution, due to inability to locate suitable veins. Kenneth Biros was executed using the single-drug method. Washington became the second state in the US to use the single-dose sodium thiopental injections for executions. On September 10, , the execution of Cal Coburn Brown was the first in the state to use a single-dose, single-drug injection. His death was pronounced approximately one and a half minutes after the intravenous administration of five grams of the drug. After its use for the execution of Jeffrey Landrigan in the US, the UK introduced a ban on the export of sodium thiopental in December , \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[20\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] after it was established that no European supplies to the US were being used for any other purpose. Thiopental Pentothal is still used in some places as a truth serum to weaken the resolve of a subject and make them more compliant to pressure. Some psychiatrists \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[ who? The drug tends to make subjects loquacious and cooperative with interrogators; however, the reliability of confessions made under thiopental is questionable. Psychiatrists have used thiopental to desensitize patients with phobias \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[26\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] and to 'facilitate the recall of painful repressed memories. Sodium thiopental is a member of the barbiturate class of drugs, which are relatively non-selective compounds that bind to an entire superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels, of which the GABA A receptor channel is one of several representatives. Surprisingly, while GABA A receptor currents are increased by barbiturates and other general anesthetics , ligand-gated ion channels that are predominantly permeable for cationic ions are blocked by these compounds. For example, neuronal nAChR channels are blocked by clinically relevant anesthetic concentrations of both sodium thiopental and pentobarbital. Following a shortage that led a court to delay an execution in California , a company spokesman for Hospira , the sole American manufacturer of the drug, objected to the use of thiopental in lethal injection. The drug is not indicated for capital punishment and Hospira does not support its use in this procedure. Italy was the only viable place where the company could produce sodium thiopental, leaving the United States without a supplier. Thiopental rapidly and easily crosses the blood brain barrier as it is a lipophilic molecule. As with all lipid-soluble anaesthetic drugs, the short duration of action of sodium thiopental is due almost entirely to its redistribution away from central circulation towards muscle and fat tissue, due to its very high fat:water partition coefficient approximately 10 , leading to sequestration in fat tissue. Once redistributed, the free fraction in the blood is metabolized in the liver. Premedication with sedatives such as benzodiazepines or clonidine will reduce requirements, as do specific disease states and other patient factors. Among patient factors are: age, sex, and lean body mass. Specific disease conditions that can alter the dose requirements of thiopentone and for that matter any other intravenous anaesthetic are: hypovolemia , burns, azotemia , liver failure , hypoproteinemia , etc. As with nearly all anesthetic drugs , thiopental causes cardiovascular and respiratory depression resulting in hypotension , apnea , and airway obstruction. For these reasons, only suitably trained medical personnel should give thiopental in an environment suitably equipped to deal with these effects. Side effects include headache, agitated emergence , prolonged somnolence , and nausea. The hangover from the side effects may last up to 36 hours. Co-administration of pentoxifylline and thiopental causes death by acute pulmonary edema in rats. This pulmonary edema was not mediated by cardiac failure or by pulmonary hypertension but was due to increased pulmonary vascular permeability. Sodium thiopental was discovered in the early s by Ernest H. Volwiler and Donalee L. Tabern, working for Abbott Laboratories. It was first used in human beings on March 8, , by Dr. Ralph M. Waters \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[39\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] in an investigation of its properties, which were short-term anesthesia and surprisingly little analgesia. John S. Lundy started a clinical trial of thiopental at the Mayo Clinic at the request of Abbott. Thiopental is famously associated with a number of anesthetic deaths in victims of the attack on Pearl Harbor. However, recent evidence available through freedom of information legislation was reviewed in the British Journal of Anaesthesia , \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[43\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] which has suggested that this story was grossly exaggerated. Of the wounded that were admitted to the Tripler Army Hospital , only 13 did not survive, and it is unlikely that thiopentone overdose was responsible for more than a few of these. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Not to be confused with pentobarbital or Phenobarbital. IUPAC name. Interactive image. Further information: Lethal injection. Further information: Truth serum. Main article: Barbiturate. II: Studies at cesarean section'. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Geneva: World Health Organization. World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list Spiegel Online International. Retrieved 23 January New York. December Elsevier Health Sciences. Retrieved 13 August Archived from the original on 19 August Retrieved 18 August Crit Care. Br J Pharmacol. February Preliminary report of 20 patients\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]' PDF. Neurocirugia Astur in Spanish. Archived from the original PDF on Retrieved The Hague. Archived from the original on Associated Press. CBS News. The Seattle Times. BBC News. Sydney Morning Herald. January 12, The Howdunit Book of Poisons Howdunit. Cincinnati: Writers Digest Books. The American Journal of Psychiatry. American Psychiatric Association. February 24, Newsletter of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies. British Journal of Pharmacology. Toxicology Letters. University of Virginia School of Medicine. New York Times. Fox News. Determination of this drug and its metabolites in plasma and urine by liquid phase chromatography and mass spectrometry\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]'. April 12, James; R. Hift July 1, Retrieved September 25, October Anesthesia History Association. ASA Newsletter. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists. American Association of Nurse Anesthetists. History of Anesthesia with Emphasis on the Nurse Specialist. Br J Anaesth. General anesthetics N01A. Fospropofol Propofol. Hexobarbital Methohexital Narcobarbital Thiopental Thiotetrabarbital. Alfadolone Alfaxalone Hydroxydione. Etomidate Metomidate Propoxate. Glutethimide Methyprylon Pyrithyldione Piperidione. Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors Etoperidone Nefazodone Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants Amitriptyline Doxepin Trimipramine , etc. Tetracyclic antidepressants Mianserin Mirtazapine , etc. Typical antipsychotics Chlorpromazine Thioridazine , etc. Atypical antipsychotics Olanzapine Quetiapine Risperidone , etc. Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants Amitriptyline Doxepin Trimipramine , etc. Agomelatine Melatonin Ramelteon Tasimelteon. Almorexant Filorexant Lemborexant Suvorexant. Gabapentin Gabapentin enacarbil Mirogabalin Phenibut Pregabalin. GABA A receptor positive modulators. Fospropofol Propofol Thymol. Glutethimide Methyprylon Piperidione Pyrithyldione. Glycine receptor modulators. See here instead. Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators. Medicine portal. Hidden categories: CS1 maint: others All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Spanish-language sources es CS1: long volume value Articles with dead external links from June CS1 French-language sources fr Template:drugs. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. In other projects Wikimedia Commons. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Phenols Fospropofol Propofol.

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Тиопентал натрия — Википедия

Тиопентал натрия

Тиопентал натрия порошок : инструкция по применению

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