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Home Dog Health 5 Dog Esophagus Problems and What You Should Know
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T he esophagus is a thin, muscular tube that connects a dog’s throat to their stomach and helps with pushing water and food into the stomach. Esophagus problems in dogs may not be as common as digestive problems but they are also not that rare. However, they are often overlooked because the main symptom of dog esophagus problems such as esophageal disease and regurgitation can easily be mistaken for harmless vomiting.
Dogs are infamous for their bad eating habits, which sometimes results in them consuming inedible items and then having those foreign objects stuck in their esophagus. In most cases bones are the culprit, but other objects like rawhide pieces, wood, needles and fishing hooks find their way in a dog’s esophagus.
Common symptoms of obstruction in dogs due to the foreign objects include gagging, drooling, regurgitation and frequent attempts to swallow.
Keep your dog away from the trash, use dog-proof trash cans , don't feed potentially dangerous foods and don’t give him cooked bones to eat. If your pooch is a fast eater, keep the bones away from him entirely. Fast eating can be dangerous for other reasons, so consider using food bowls that slow down eating . If you give your dog rawhide, make sure to take it away from him when it becomes too small and easy to swallow.
Teach your dog the “Drop It” command so you can react if you notice he is about to eat something inedible.
Obstruction is the more dangerous of dog esophagus problems, and foreign objects detected in the dog’s esophagus should be immediately removed. In most cases, your vet will be able to remove the object through the mouth. If that’s not possible, the object may have to be pushed down into the dog’s stomach, where it can be digested or passed in the feces. Sometimes, it may have to be removed from the stomach via surgery.
Surgery is also required if the foreign objects perforate the esophagus or if they can’t be removed through the mouth or pushed down into the stomach.
Esophagitis in dogs is most commonly caused, again, by foreign objects. However, it can also be caused by acid reflux that comes from the animal's stomach into the esophagus. Rarely, it can be caused by cancer, food allergies, esophageal worm infection and certain medications.
Some of the common symptoms of inflammation of the dog esophagus include coughing, difficulty swallowing, drooling, vomiting or regurgitating, fever, loss of appetite and subsequent weight loss.
Same as it was noted above, always try to prevent your pooch from eating foreign objects. If your dog has food allergies, keep him away from the allergens.
Cases of mild dog esophagus inflammation can often go unnoticed and thus without treatment. When symptoms are present, therapy normally includes administration of drugs that reduce stomach acid, pain medications and feeding your dog soft foods.
Severe cases may require insertion of a feeding tube in order to bypass the esophagus and let it rest. This is occasionally followed by antibiotics to prevent or treat bacterial infection. IV fluids may be given for dehydration, while oxygen therapy can be given if the dog has trouble breathing.
Abnormal stretching or expansion of the dog's esophagus is most commonly caused by a congenital defect, but it can sometimes occur in adult dogs alongside another disease. This includes an injury to the esophagus, ingestion of foreign objects, cancer and hypothyroidism, among others.
Congenital megaesophagus in dogs is usually diagnosed right after weaning. Some breeds are more likely to be affected by it, especially Miniature Schnauzers. Other breeds prone to it include Great Danes, German Shepherds, Fox Terriers, Labrador Retrievers and Irish Setters.
Typical symptoms of this dog esophagus problem include regurgitation, excessive salivation, coughing and gagging. Muscle weakness can develop from starvation and pneumonia may occur from aspirating food or water.
Congenital megaesophagus can’t be prevented since it is a hereditary disease but you may decrease the risk of megaesophagus caused by other conditions through preventing injuries to the dog's esophagus and ingestion of foreign objects.
Unfortunately, this is one of dog esophagus problems that cannot be fixed completely, and most dogs with this condition have poor prognosis . While some puppies with congenital megaesophagus may grow out of the condition, those that don’t will require constant care and management. This includes feeding the dog in an upright position, feeding him a high-calorie food and doing it in small, frequent meals.
If the cause of the condition is known, treating that specific condition is the first step in managing megaesophagus in puppies and adult dogs. Surgery may also be necessary to correct blood vessel abnormalities.
Esophageal stricture in dogs is a medical term for the narrowing of the dog's esophagus. It is usually caused by trauma, use of certain drugs, anesthesia , reflux esophagitis, inflammation of the esophagus and cancer. Esophageal strictures can also be congenital , although that is a rare occurrence.
Common symptoms include regurgitation, difficulty swallowing, excessive drooling and pain in the area.
Prevention of esophageal stricture in dogs consists of preventing underlying cause, if that is possible.
Treatment of such dog esophagus problems can be conservative or surgical. Conservative treatments include mechanical stricture dilation and the use of prosthesis. Surgery is typically only used as a last resort because it is often a very complicated, costly and demanding procedure.
Diverticula are pouch-like sacs or dilations that appear on the dog's esophageal wall. Sometimes they are inherited but they can also be acquired. While rare in dogs, this condition can cause issues with breathing, vomiting and loss of appetite, especially when it's large diverticula. Small diverticula are often asymptomatic.
These dog esophagus problems are commonly caused by some other condition from those mentioned above, such as esophageal foreign body, inflammation and developmental disorders of the esophageal wall.
Preventing ingestion of foreign objects is one way to avoid this condition. Other conditions that lead to esophageal diverticula in dogs are difficult or even impossible to prevent.
Small diverticula in dogs can be treated with a soft and bland diet. Your pet should also be fed in an upright position. Large diverticula are treated surgically, by removing the pouch and rebuilding of the animal's esophageal wall.
Dog esophagus problems are not among the most common health issues that owners and veterinarians encounter, but they are also often misdiagnosed. The one symptom characteristic for all esophagus conditions in dogs is regurgitation, which is commonly mistaken for simple vomiting.
Esophagus issues in dogs are typically caused by consuming foreign objects or trauma to the animal's esophagus, but they can also be congenital as well. Common treatment options range from diet changes and administration of various medications to surgery.
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Digestive Disorders of Dogs
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Disorders of the Esophagus in Dogs
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Disorders of Swallowing (Cricopharyngeal Achalasia)
Expansion of the Esophagus (Megaesophagus)
Esophageal Dysmotility in Dogs
Esophageal Strictures
Inflammation of the Esophagus (Esophagitis)
Foreign Objects in the Esophagus
Esophageal Diverticula
Brochoesophageal Fistula in Dogs
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Introduction to Digestive Disorders of Dogs
Congenital and Inherited Disorders of the Digestive System of Dogs
Disorders of the Pharynx (Throat) in Dogs
Disorders of the Stomach and Intestines in Dogs
Disorders Caused by Bacteria in the Digestive System of Dogs
Disorders Caused by Protozoa in the Digestive System of Dogs
Pancreatitis and Other Disorders of the Pancreas in Dogs
Disorders of the Liver and Gallbladder in Dogs
Disorders of the Rectum and Anus in Dogs
Last full review/revision May 2018 | Content last modified Sep 2022
Disorders of Swallowing (Cricopharyngeal Achalasia)
Expansion of the Esophagus (Megaesophagus)
Esophageal Dysmotility in Dogs
Esophageal Strictures
Inflammation of the Esophagus (Esophagitis)
Foreign Objects in the Esophagus
Esophageal Diverticula
Brochoesophageal Fistula in Dogs
For More Information
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Disorders of the Pharynx (Throat) in Dogs
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, VMD, DACVIM, DACVECC, New England Animal Medical Center
Signs of problems with the esophagus include difficulty swallowing and regurgitation (return of food or liquid before it has reached the stomach). Regurgitation is effortless and has few warning signs, in contrast to vomiting which is an active process preceded by signs of nausea.
The cricopharyngeal muscle opens and closes to allow food and liquids from the mouth into the esophagus. Cricopharyngeal achalasia is a condition in which this muscle does not adequately relax. This can lead to an inability to swallow foods or liquids. Though it is usually an inherited defect, adult dogs can also develop the condition. A dog will try to swallow and end up gagging and vomiting. A common complication of this disorder is aspiration pneumonia: liquids that a dog tries to swallow can end up going down the trachea and to the lungs. The cause is usually unknown, but it may be associated with neuromuscular disorders in adult dogs.
Treatment of this condition usually involves surgery to cut the abnormal muscle. Normal swallowing is usually possible immediately after the surgery. Almost 65% of the surgeries are successful. Dogs that have other neuromuscular disorders are less responsive to surgery, but may respond to treatment with successful management of the neuromuscular disorder. If the dog develops aspiration pneumonia, it must be treated immediately and aggressively.
Abnormal dilation or stretching of the esophagus (also called megaesophagus) can be caused by a congenital defect Esophagus Congenital abnormalities are conditions that an animal is born with; they are often called “birth defects.” Some of these conditions are inherited and tend to occur within particular families... read more , or it can occur in an adult dog, either alone or together with other diseases. Congenital megaesophagus (generally diagnosed in dogs soon after weaning) is a hereditary defect that occurs in Wire-haired Fox Terriers and Miniature Schnauzers. A tendency to occur in families has been reported in German Shepherds, Newfoundlands, Great Danes, Irish Setters, Chinese Shar-Peis, Labrador Retrievers, and cats. Abnormal blood vessels (called vascular ring anomalies) can also trap the esophagus and cause megaesophagus. Some causes of megaesophagus include myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus, polymyositis, hypoadrenocorticism, poisoning, dysautonomia, glycogen storage disease, nervous system disorders including cancer, and possibly hypothyroidism. Megaesophagus can also occur as a result of injury of the esophagus, cancer, the presence of a foreign object in the esophagus, or compression of the esophagus.
The primary sign of megaesophagus is regurgitation. Dogs with megaesophagus will suddenly start regurgitating undigested food soon after eating and will lose weight. Respiratory signs such as coughing and difficulty breathing may occur. A chest x-ray will show air, fluid, or food in the distended esophagus. Other tests may also be performed to view the esophagus and determine the cause and extent of the enlargement.
If an associated disease is causing megaesophagus, it must be treated. Surgery is often needed to correct blood vessel abnormalities. There is no specific medical treatment for megaesophagus with no known cause, but it may be managed by feeding the dog with the upper body in an elevated position of at least 45 degrees. Allowing the dog to eat in this position—by having the dog stand on a ramp or with its front legs on a platform with the food bowl higher—has been found to help. Keeping the dog in this position for at least 15 minutes after eating allows gravity to help the food move down the esophagus.
Changing the texture of the dog’s diet is usually necessary. The type of food that will best prevent regurgitation varies from dog to dog. Soft gruel might work for some dogs, and others might do best with dry or canned foods shaped into meatballs. Feeding the dog in frequent small meals is usually helpful. The food should be high in calories to help the dog maintain its weight.
The overall outlook for dogs with this condition is guarded. Some animals that are born with megaesophagus grow out of the condition, usually by 6 months of age, but most dogs with megaesophagus tend to develop aspiration pneumonia or fibrosis of the lungs due to recurrent pneumonia, which may shorten their lifespan.
Young dogs, especially terriers, can have abnormal esophageal movement without megaesophagus. The signs, if present, are similar to those seen in dogs with megaesophag
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