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The mouth, or oral cavity, is the specialty area of the dentist. It contains more than just teeth and gums. The lips, tongue, cheeks, palate, along with the underlying salivary glands, lymph nodes, muscles, nerves, blood vessels, bones, temporomandibular joints and numerous other structures are all of interest to the dentist, as this medical professional examines your mouth. The oral cavity represents the beginning of the digestive system. The mouth is often divided into the oral cavity and the oropharynx.
The oral cavity lies below the nasal cavity and in front of the pharynx. The boundaries of the oral cavity include the hard palate and soft palate that form the roof of your mouth, the tongue and the muscles below it, which make up the floor of the mouth and the inner surface of the lips in the front, the cheeks on the sides, and the uvula (the little “punching bag” shaped structure) at the end of your soft palate in the back. 
Other parts of your mouth include the gums, teeth and tongue, which contain taste buds . The oral mucosa are the tissues that line the interior of your mouth, while the salivary glands produce saliva. The bottom of your mouth, located under your tongue, is called the floor.
The pharynx, or throat, is a tube about five inches long composed of three parts: the nasopharynx, the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx. The nasopharynx starts behind the nose and lies above the oropharynx, located at the very back of your mouth. The oropharynx includes your tonsils and the bands of tissue around the tonsils, the soft part of the roof of the mouth (soft palate), the back third of the tongue, and the rear wall of the throat.
As you continue down the oropharynx, you reach the laryngopharynx, the space where food and air pass. It contains your epiglottis, a flap that separates the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (tube from throat to the stomach), and which prevents food and drink from entering the lungs. The larynx, or “voice box,” also resides in this part of the throat and contains your vocal chords.
Oral cancer includes cancers of the mouth and back of the throat (oropharynx). Oral cancer accounts for roughly 3 percent of all cancers diagnosed annually in the United States, or about 49,700 new cases each year. Oral cancer can affect any part of the oral cavity or throat but are most common on the sides and back of the tongue, as it approaches the throat. While looking in your mouth, say "Ahh" to lower the tongue and to give you a view of the oropharynx. Look in your mouth and keep an eye out for small sores or red or white spots inside or around your mouth and throat that last longer than two weeks. Other signs of oral cancer include lumps, pain, tenderness, and trouble chewing, swallowing or speaking.
Oral cancer most often occurs in people over the age of 40 and affects more than twice as many men as it does women. Most oral cancers are related to tobacco use, alcohol use (or both), or infection by the human papilloma virus (HPV). If you have these risk factors or if you see or feel anything suspicious, visit your dentist for an oral cancer evaluation .
Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer Treatment (Adult) (PDQ®) – Patient Version National Cancer Institute. https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/adult/lip-mouth-treatment-pdq#section/_1 Accessed July 2018.
“Oral Cancer.” Mouth Healthy, American Dental Association. https://www.mouthhealthy.org/en/az-topics/o/oral-cancer Accessed July 2018.
© Copyright 2021 Delta Dental Plans Association. All Rights Reserved. "Delta Dental" refers to the national network of 39 independent Delta Dental companies that provide dental insurance.





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Candida infections of the mouth, throat, and esophagus
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Candidiasis is an infection caused by a yeast (a type of fungus) called Candida . Candida normally lives on the skin and inside the body, in places such as the mouth, throat, gut, and vagina, without causing any problems. 1 Sometimes, Candida can multiply and cause an infection if the environment inside the mouth, throat, or esophagus changes in a way that encourages fungal growth.
Candidiasis in the mouth and throat is also called thrush or oropharyngeal candidiasis. Candidiasis in the esophagus (the tube that connects the throat to the stomach) is called esophageal candidiasis or Candida esophagitis. Esophageal candidiasis is one of the most common infections in people living with HIV/AIDS. 2
Candidiasis in the mouth and throat can have many different symptoms, including:
Symptoms of candidiasis in the esophagus usually include pain when swallowing and difficulty swallowing.
Contact your healthcare provider if you have symptoms that you think are related to candidiasis in the mouth, throat, or esophagus.
Candidiasis in the mouth, throat, or esophagus is uncommon in healthy adults. People who are at higher risk for getting candidiasis in the mouth and throat include babies, especially those younger than 1 month of age, and people with at least one of these factors: 3-7
Most people who get candidiasis in the esophagus have weakened immune systems, meaning that their bodies don’t fight infections well. This includes people living with HIV/AIDS and people who have blood cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma. People who get candidiasis in the esophagus often also have candidiasis in the mouth and throat.
Ways to help prevent candidiasis in the mouth and throat include:
Candida normally lives in the mouth, throat, and the rest of the digestive tract without causing any problems. Sometimes, Candida can multiply and cause an infection if the environment inside the mouth, throat, or esophagus changes in a way that encourages its growth.
Healthcare providers can usually diagnose candidiasis in the mouth or throat simply by looking inside. 8 Sometimes a healthcare provider will take a small sample from the mouth or throat. The sample is sent to a laboratory for testing, usually to be examined under a microscope.
Healthcare providers usually diagnose candidiasis in the esophagus by doing an endoscopy. An endoscopy is a procedure to examine the digestive tract using a tube with a light and a camera. A healthcare provider might prescribe antifungal medicine without doing an endoscopy to see if the patient’s symptoms get better.
Candidiasis in the mouth, throat, or esophagus is usually treated with antifungal medicine. 6 The treatment for mild to moderate infections in the mouth or throat is usually an antifungal medicine applied to the inside of the mouth for 7 to 14 days. These medications include clotrimazole, miconazole, or nystatin. For severe infections, the most common treatment is fluconazole (an antifungal medication) taken by mouth or through a vein. If patient does not get better after taking fluconazole, healthcare providers may prescribe a different antifungal. The treatment for candidiasis in the esophagus is usually fluconazole. Other types of prescription antifungal medicines can also be used for people who can’t take fluconazole or who don’t get better after taking fluconazole.
If you are a healthcare provider, click here to see the Infectious Diseases Society of America’s Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of CandidiasisExternal external icon .
The exact number of cases of candidiasis in the mouth, throat, and esophagus in the United States is difficult to determine. This is because there is no national surveillance for these infections. The risk of these infections varies based on the presence of certain underlying medical conditions. For example, candidiasis in the mouth, throat, or esophagus is uncommon in healthy adults. However, they are some of the most common infections in people living with HIV/AIDS. 2 In one study, about one-third of patients with advanced HIV infection had candidiasis in the mouth and throat. 9
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https://www.deltadental.com/us/en/protect-my-smile/basics/oral-anatomy/anatomy-of-your-mouth-and-throat.html
https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/thrush/index.html
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