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Affiliation
1 Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
Markus Albertsmeier et al.
Resuscitation .
2007 Sep .
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1 Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
Teschendorf P, Padosch SA, Spöhr F, Albertsmeier M, Schneider A, Vogel P, Choi YH, Böttiger BW, Popp E.
Teschendorf P, et al.
Neurosci Lett. 2008 Dec 26;448(2):194-9. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.10.030. Epub 2008 Oct 14.
Neurosci Lett. 2008.
PMID: 18938215
Teschendorf P, Vogel P, Wippel A, Krumnikl JJ, Spöhr F, Böttiger BW, Popp E.
Teschendorf P, et al.
Resuscitation. 2008 Jul;78(1):85-91. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.02.010. Epub 2008 May 2.
Resuscitation. 2008.
PMID: 18455860
Popp E, Rabsahl T, Schneider A, Russ N, Spöhr F, Vogel P, Böttiger BW, Teschendorf P.
Popp E, et al.
Resuscitation. 2009 Apr;80(4):478-83. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.01.003. Epub 2009 Feb 23.
Resuscitation. 2009.
PMID: 19231060
Koenig MA, Kaplan PW, Thakor NV.
Koenig MA, et al.
Neurol Clin. 2006 Feb;24(1):89-106. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2005.11.003.
Neurol Clin. 2006.
PMID: 16443132
Review.
Schneider A, Böttiger BW, Popp E.
Schneider A, et al.
Anesth Analg. 2009 Mar;108(3):971-9. doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e318193ca99.
Anesth Analg. 2009.
PMID: 19224811
Review.
Ousta A, Piao L, Fang YH, Vera A, Nallamothu T, Garcia AJ 3rd, Sharp WW.
Ousta A, et al.
Neurocrit Care. 2022 Feb;36(1):61-70. doi: 10.1007/s12028-021-01253-w. Epub 2021 Jul 15.
Neurocrit Care. 2022.
PMID: 34268646
Free PMC article.
Kuo CW, Chang MY, Liu HH, He XK, Chan SY, Huang YZ, Peng CW, Chang PK, Pan CY, Hsieh TH.
Kuo CW, et al.
Front Neural Circuits. 2021 Jun 14;15:693073. doi: 10.3389/fncir.2021.693073. eCollection 2021.
Front Neural Circuits. 2021.
PMID: 34194304
Free PMC article.
Ocak U, Eser Ocak P, Huang L, Xu W, Zuo Y, Li P, Gamdzyk M, Zuo G, Mo J, Zhang G, Zhang JH.
Ocak U, et al.
J Neuroinflammation. 2020 May 4;17(1):144. doi: 10.1186/s12974-020-01808-2.
J Neuroinflammation. 2020.
PMID: 32366312
Free PMC article.
Arakawa H.
Arakawa H.
Neuroscience. 2020 Oct 1;445:144-162. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.02.002. Epub 2020 Feb 13.
Neuroscience. 2020.
PMID: 32061779
Free PMC article.
Lee HJ, Lee S, Park H, Park Y, Shin J.
Lee HJ, et al.
Emerg Med Int. 2019 Oct 15;2019:6027236. doi: 10.1155/2019/6027236. eCollection 2019.
Emerg Med Int. 2019.
PMID: 31737367
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Background:
In animal models of cardiocirculatory arrest (CA) it is of major interest to establish tests that can assess neurological damage after global cerebral ischaemia following CA. We evaluated a tape removal test with regard to detection of sensorimotor deficit, comparing it to the Neurological Deficit Score (NDS) in an established model of global cerebral ischaemia after CA in rats.
Methods:
Rats were subjected to either 6 min of CA followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or a sham operation. At 1, 3 and 7 days from the intervention, two different neurological tests were applied to all animals: in the tape removal test, the time was measured from attachment of adhesive tapes to the front paws until the animals removed them using their teeth and compared to latencies in the sham group. The NDS assessed two parameters ("travel beam" and "stop at the edge of a table"). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to compare tests.
Results:
In the tape removal test, all animals of the CPR group showed a clear neurological deficit throughout the observation period with a marked recovery until day 7 (pre-CA: 4s, 1 day: 180 s, 3 days: 165 s, 7 days: 44 s; data are median values). Latencies differed significantly from those of sham-operated animals (1 day: P<0.001, 3 days: P=0.003, 7 days: P=0.006). ROC analysis showed that the tape removal test but not the NDS was appropriate for detecting neurological damage 3 and 7 days after restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Histological examination confirmed neuronal damage to the hippocampus, cortex, thalamus and striatum.
Conclusion:
In the present study, a clinically relevant sensorimotor deficit after global cerebral ischaemia following cardiac arrest in rats has been quantified for the first time by using a tape removal test. The tape removal test is a sensitive method that can be easily applied to test large numbers of animals in future studies.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Former United States emergency warning system
For the record label, see Emergency Broadcast System Records . For the multimedia group, see Emergency Broadcast Network .
This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Emergency Broadcast System" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( April 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
The final logo of the Emergency Broadcast System, as seen during a test conducted by WHO-TV in Des Moines, Iowa , c. 1996
^ Jump up to: a b c d Emergency Broadcast System: The Lifesaving Public Service Program , United States Defense Civil Preparedness Agency, March 1978
^ "City's Civil Defense Sirens Will Be Tested Tomorrow", The New York Times , New York, NY, p. 30, October 5, 1963
^ MacDonald, John (November 24, 1996). "Emergency Broadcast Test to Tone Down Its Warning" . Los Angeles Times .
^ Jump up to: a b "Code Word "Hatefulness": The Great EBS Scare of 1971" . CONELRAD Adjacent. 15 September 2010 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 .
^ (Timestamp to WCCO white card script instruction) 2001scoop, W6LDS (2012-09-16), 1971 False Emergency Broadcast System EAN (Heard On WOWO-AM And WCCO-AM) , archived from the original on 2013-08-29 , retrieved 2018-05-22
^ "EAN Teletype message (February 20, 1971 09:33 EST)" . 2014-10-16. Archived from the original on 2014-10-16 . Retrieved 2018-05-22 .
^ Jump up to: a b "The EBS Authenticator Word List" . www.ae5d.com . Retrieved 2018-05-22 .
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Great Accidental Test Broadcast of 1971" . Archived from the original on 21 January 2013 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 .
^ Jump up to: a b AP (1971-02-21). "Small Piece Of Tape Stirs U.S. Emotions" . The Lawton Constitution and Morning Press . p. 12A . Retrieved 2018-05-22 – via Newspapers.com.
^ http://historyofwowo.com/audio/WOWO-Bob%20SieversEBS_02-20-1971_scoped.mp3 [ bare URL AV media file ]
^ AP (1971-02-26). "Automatic Takeover of News Services Suspended by FCC" . The News-Item . p. 8 . Retrieved 2018-05-22 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "The Nation" . The Los Angeles Times . 1972-12-15. p. 2 . Retrieved 2018-05-22 – via Newspapers.com.
^ North Carolina EBS Training . Chris Shebel. May 19, 2012. Archived from the original on November 22, 2020 . Retrieved August 10, 2021 – via YouTube .
^ Basic Emergency Broadcast System Plan (First Revision ed.). Washington, DC: Department of Defense. 4 August 1967. p. 33 . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Sound carrier only for TV stations
^ Broadcast History
^ http://www.jmu.edu/wmra/eas/stuff/94-288.txt , FCC Report and Order 94-288, Paragraph II(4), Nov 10 1994, accessed August 15, 2011.
^ 11/25/1980 WXYZ EBS Emergency Broadcasting Alert Test and news promo . ewjxn. November 16, 2018. Archived from the original on October 7, 2020 . Retrieved August 10, 2021 – via YouTube .
^ 1987 Emergency broadcast system test . Renegade Media. August 30, 2018. Archived from the original on December 6, 2018 . Retrieved August 10, 2021 – via YouTube .
^ EBS Jingle . Klopford’s OLD Channel. September 5, 2008. Archived from the original on February 1, 2021 . Retrieved August 10, 2021 – via YouTube .
^ "KWEX Emergency Broadcast System Test (1990s)" . YouTube .
^ http://www.ae5d.com/images/EBS-29zx.png The attack warning script has a note that says it can be read out in any language other than English if it broadcasts in that language.
^ (RadioTapes.com) WCCO-AM (830 AM) - EBS (Emergency Broadcast System) WTCN-TV (now KARE-TV) 1984 . RadioTapes. May 19, 2008. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021 . Retrieved August 10, 2021 – via YouTube .
The Emergency Broadcast System ( EBS ), sometimes called the Emergency Broadcasting System or the Emergency Action Notification System ( EANS ), was an emergency warning system used in the United States . It replaced the previous CONELRAD system and was used from 1963 to 1997, at which point it was replaced by the Emergency Alert System .
The system was established to provide the President of the United States with an expeditious method of communicating with the American public in the event of war, threat of war, or grave national crisis. [1] The Emergency Broadcast System replaced CONELRAD on August 5, 1963. [2] In later years, it was expanded for use during peacetime emergencies at the state and local levels. [1]
Although the system was never used for a national emergency, it was activated more than 20,000 times [3] between 1976 and 1996 to broadcast civil emergency messages and warnings of severe weather hazards.
An order to activate the EBS at the national level would have originated with the President and been relayed via the White House Communications Agency duty officer to one of two origination points – either the Aerospace Defense Command (ADC) or the Federal Preparedness Agency (FPA) – as the system stood in 1978. Participating telecommunications common carriers , radio and television networks , the Associated Press , and United Press International would receive and authenticate (by means of code words) an Emergency Action Notification (EAN) via an EAN teletypewriter network designed specifically for this purpose. These recipients would relay the EAN to their subscribers and affiliates. [1]
The release of the EAN by the Aerospace Defense Command or the Federal Preparedness Agency would initiate a process by which the common carriers would link otherwise independent networks such as ABC , CBS , and NBC into a single national network from which even independent stations could receive programming. "Broadcast stations would have used the 2-tone Attention Signal on their assigned broadcast frequency to alert other broadcast stations to stand by for a message from the President." [1] The transmission of programming on a broadcast station's assigned frequency, and the fact that television networks/stations and FM radio stations could participate, distinguished EBS from CONELRAD. EBS radio stations would not necessarily transmit on 640 or 1240 on the AM dial, and FM radio and television would carry the same audio program as AM radio stations did.
Actual activations originated with a primary station known as a Common Program Control Station (CPCS-1), which would transmit the Attention Signal ( help · info ) . The Attention Signal most commonly associated with the system was a combination of the sine waves of 853 and 960 Hz —suited to attention due to its unpleasantness. Decoders at relay stations would sound an alarm, alerting station personnel to the incoming message. Then, each relay station would broadcast the alert tone and rebroadcast the emergency message from the primary station. The Attention Signal was developed in the mid-1960s.
A nationwide activation of the EBS was called an Emergency Action Notification (EAN), and was the only activation that stations were not allowed to ignore; the Federal Communications Commission made local civil emergencies, weather advisories optional (except for stations that agreed to be the "primary" source of such messages).
To activate the EAN protocol, the Associated Press and United Press International wire services would notify stations with a special message. It began with a full line of X's, and a bell inside the Teletype machine would sound ten times. To avoid abuse and mistakes, the message included a confirmation password which changed daily. Stations that subscribed to one of the wire services were not required to activate the EBS if the activation message did not have proper confirmation. [ citation needed ]
A properly authenticated Emergency Action Notification was incorrectly sent to United States broadcast stations at 9:33 a.m. Eastern Standard Time on February 20, 1971. [4]
At the usual time a weekly EAN test was performed, teletype operator W.S. Eberhart had three tapes in front of him: a test tape, and two tapes indicating a real emergency, instructing the use of EAN Message #1, and #2, respectively. He inadvertently used the wrong tape, which used an incorrect codeword, "HATEFULNESS". The message ordered stations to cease
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