The system of consonant phonemes. Problem of affricates
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The system of phonemes is a system of signs or symbols used for the representation of sounds. The elements of speech are phonemes, which are the basic units of the vocal utterance. The phoneme is the smallest unit of speech. It is a sound or a combination of sounds that can be recognized by the listener. In the system of written speech, it is used to denote a particular sound. The sound is represented by a letter, and the letter is an abstract symbol.
The system of phonemic consonants as it is known in Russia is based on a strict correspondence between phonemes and the corresponding graphemes. This correspondence is not uniform with respect to the number of phonemes that correspond to a single grapheme, but it varies according to the sound class of the phoneme. This study was intended to find out how many phonemes correspond to each grapheme in the Russian system.
in Spanish.
The Spanish language is characterized by a large number of phonemic contrasts, and, in particular, by the presence of a large set of affricate contrasts. In this paper, the authors analyze the phonetic and acoustic properties of these contrasts. They also discuss some of the problems associated with the study of Spanish affrication.
(transitions between the closed vowel and the open consonant).
The system of vowels.
The problem of vowel length.
Vowel harmony.
Coda and coda-free speech.
On the system of phonemes of English speech
The article describes the main approaches to the study of the problem.
It is suggested a number of questions which are important for the analysis of the structure of word in the English language.
We also try to identify the relations between the structure and lexical meaning of words
and fricatives.
The problem of the affricate and the fricative is the most difficult problem in phonetics. A system of phonemes for these sounds is presented, and the problem of their classification is discussed. The main problem is to distinguish between the oral and nasal affricates which, in some languages, are the same sound. The results of the analysis of the phonetic properties of the English affricates are presented.
and the unvoiced stop in English.
The system of English consonant phoneme is based on a single-syllable concept. In this article, the problem of the affricate is discussed and the problems of the unvoiced stops are considered. The author argues that the concept of a "single-syllabic" system can be extended to the case of two-syllables.
The problem of affricate phonemes is a particular case of the problem of consonants as a whole. The paper discusses the main problems of affrication and concludes that it is likely to belong to the system of "neutral" phonemes, which is also an alternative to the phonemic system.
The problem of the affricate system is posed in a broad sense: to what extent is the system derived from the phonetic system and to what degree is it a modification of phonetic systems? The analysis of the affixal phoneme of Japanese shows that there are two types of affixes: affixals and affixa-phrasals. The affixals are phonemically represented, and the affixaphraslals are represented by affixes.
The theory of the phoneme has been used to study the distribution of phonemically-affricated words in the English language. The results of this study support the hypothesis that all English affricates are phonologically equivalent and belong to the same phoneme.
The concept of the system of phonemes is presented and discussed. The author introduces the notion of a system of "phonemes" as an unifying concept underlying the phonological system of all languages. The concept of system is used to explain the relation between phonemes, phonology, and morphology. The problem of affricate phonemes in the language of the Russian-speaking world is considered.
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