The nature of fascism is the same, it has only features for territory and time. That is the period of history and the space of application. 

The check 🧾 to pay, so to speak, presented ...

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What was the mechanism of punitive Soviet psychiatry, on the basis of what legal norms it operated, what were the trends and extent of the use of psychiatry in the USSR for punitive purposes?

The Bolshevik Party, usurping power in October 1917, constantly stressed the need to protect the state of workers and peasants from forceful and ideological aggression both from the outside and from within, by all means, not taking into account any international norms of law and morality, guided solely by considerations of revolutionary necessity.

Dissidents in the USSR were subjected to a variety of political repressions: imprisonment, expulsion from the country to foreign lands, deprivation of citizenship, displacement of groups of people from traditional places of residence, exile, expulsion and special settlement, deprivation or restriction of the rights and freedoms of persons who were considered socially dangerous for the state. And finally, the most sophisticated kind of repression is the recognition of a person insane and placing him on compulsory treatment in a psychiatric institution.

MAC (b) and SNC did not make official decisions on the application of this kind of repression to their political enemies. In any case, it was not possible to find documents on this account in the archives. But the Soviet government sporadically as a punishment sent their enemies to psychiatric homes.

One of the first victims of repressive psychiatry was the leader of the social-revolutionary party of Russia Maria Spiridonova. A well-known Russian human rights activist A. Podrabinek wrote about it quite colorfully in his book "Punitive Medicine". The tribunal, which tried Spiridonov, did not take her life, but sent her to a psychiatric sanatorium for correction, from where she escaped, but the HPC quickly arrested her. And this time the Chekists were on the lookout. In the archives of the former KGB of the USSR there are interesting documents on this matter. F. Dzerzhinsky himself, in a short note to his subordinate Samsonov, points out in a short note to his subordinate Samsonov on April 19, 1921:

"We need to work with Obukh and Semashka (known medical functionaries) to place Spiridonova in a psychiatric home, but with the condition that she is not stolen or escaped from there. Security and surveillance would have to be organized in sufficient, but in a disguised form. The sanatorium should be such that it was difficult to escape from it and under technical conditions. When you find one and plan a specific one, report back to me."

Soon M. Spiridonov was transferred from the VHC infirmary to the Prechisten Psychiatric Hospital, where, incidentally, her party comrade Izmaylovich was. The Chekists asked to examine Spiridonov's famous professor Gannushkin, whose verdict read: "Hysterical psychosis, a serious condition, life-threatening." The diagnosis is obvious even for the amateur by its superficiality, but maybe the master had his reasons for it?

It is also known that Lenin's frantic desire to put in a mental institution his colleague, the excellent diplomat G. Chicherin for his desire to preserve for Soviet Russia some political and economic benefits at the Genoese Conference by small concessions to the Americans. This is quite vividly written in his book still the same A. Podrabinek.

Little-known provocateur of the UGPU Maria Volkova, who played, in my opinion, one of the decisive roles in the preparation of the organization of the murder of S. Kirov, for their deliberately incorrect intelligence, which she bombarded Leningrad Chekists, was put in a psychiatric hospital, from where she was rescued by I. Stalin with the company, who arrived urgently in the northern capital to deal with the circumstances of Mironich's death.

So the Soviet leadership in some cases found it very convenient to use the possibilities of psychiatry for the silent and outwardly humanely furnished withdrawal from the political arena of their irreconcilable opponents. Later it happened that psychiatry helped the authorities to protect from deserved punishment unconditional executioners of their people.

And yet some legislation on psychiatric affairs "in the young country of the Bolsheviks" had to act. The first such act in the USSR, in which medicine was considered as one of the measures of social protection, was the Criminal Code of the RFSR, adopted by the 2nd session of the VCIC XII convening on November 22, 1926.

In the communists any sphere of human activity, no matter how far it defended from politics, it was to politics was screwed, and it became physical, but, most importantly, a mental agony not only for declared "enemies of the people", but also for professionals, whether it is a writer or a psychiatrist.

"Recognizing socially dangerous any action or omission directed against the Soviet system or violating the order established by the working-peasant authorities for the transitional period of time to the communist system," the authors of the Criminal Code provided for the use of socially dangerous measures against the persons who committed socially dangerous actions, the application of social protection measures of a judicial correctional (i.e. or a firing squad or camp), medical and medical-educational nature.

The Code stressed that "the social protection of the judicial correctional nature cannot be applied to persons who have committed crimes in a state of chronic mental illness or temporary mental illness or in that painful state if these persons could not be aware of or directed their actions, as well as those who, although acting in a state of mental equilibrium, were not able to be aware of their actions. but by the time of sentencing they had contracted mental illness.

These persons can only be subjected to medical social protection measures, which are: (a) compulsory treatment; b) placing in a medical institution in conjunction with isolation."

Is it not true that everything is famously and comprehensively completed in the above postulate by hired or voluntary specialists - lawyers, doctors of the former Tsarist Russia. The wise men of the people could not compose such a thing.

The meaning of this social "wisdom" was that the citizens of the Soviet state were reminded that they were prohibited anti-Soviet activities, as well as in their right mind and in a state of mental disorder. In both cases, troublemakers were threatened with forced isolation from society: in camps or in psychiatric homes.

Nevertheless, the writers of the penal code could not resist the temptation of sanctimonious, purely Bolshevik, to assure the public that mentally ill anti-advisers, when applying medical measures of social protection to them, are protected carefully from causing them physical suffering or humiliation of their human dignity. The Russian people, probably, for many years to remember will keep the image of hefty boogie in white robes, cramming without suave words into the sanitary machines of critics of the Soviet government, according to the criminal code "touched by the mind."

With the growing political repression in the internal affairs drug system, the first prison psychiatric hospital is being created, a dark and shameful page in the history of world psychiatry written by the Bolsheviks. I have already told about the reason for the establishment of such an institution.

At the usual psychiatric hospital in Kazan, at first, a special department was set up for the "political", but since they were normal people, they could have run away. And then, and this happened in January 1939, the guard of this special department was ordered to protect the Kazan prison nkVD. As the special department was not enough to keep the increasing number of mentally "abnormal" state criminals, L. Beria a few months later transferred the entire Kazan psychiatric hospital to the NKVD, and that's how the first prison psychiatric hospital appeared in the USSR and around the globe. This institution of concentrated collective madness, cold-bloodedly organized by the Soviet Chekists, still keeps its terrible secrets.

Punitive psychiatry of the USSR

 Excerpts from the book by Alexander Podrabinek "Punitive Medicine"

 Whether they are really afraid of the second Nuremberg or is it just a KGB habit, psychiatrists always try to stay in the shadows, not to be in the public eye.

    Dozens of special psychiatric hospitals and special departments of general psychiatric hospitals. Hundreds of hospital beds behind barbed wire. Thousands of healthy people who receive medications that are destructive to their health and reason just because they dared to disagree with the ideology of power in some way. A bleak picture of psychiatric terror in the USSR.

    Who is responsible for these crimes?

    Some will say - the system! Yes, the system is responsible for the criminal intent. But for its implementation - only people. First of all, doctors. Their pathetic attempts to blame all the troubles on the "system" are only a way, an attempt to absolve themselves of responsibility. Of course, everyone involved in the practice of punitive medicine has varying degrees of responsibility. Of course, more will be asked from Colonel Luntz than from the orderly of a special mental hospital. But everyone who does not protest is drawn into the orbit of the lawlessness.

 ***

 In Moscow, the forced hospitalization of dissidents is thought out to the smallest detail. There is even a dedicated machine for these profile calls. True, not only dissidents are hospitalized there, but also high-ranking officials of the highest Soviet bodies (victims of internecine bickering). This machine, specialized in punitive medicine, outwardly does not stand out from the stream of cars that fill the streets of Moscow. Until recently, it was an ordinary black Volga (GAZ-24), without medical identification marks, with the IOC number 47-10. She belonged to the ambulance car depot, repaired and washed in the garage under the Electrozavodsky bridge, and was on duty at the emergency psychiatric care station at the hospital. Gannushkina (Poteshnaya st., 3). The staff of this station worked on it, but the elected ones are old, rechecked, psychiatrists and paramedics who can keep their mouths shut, necessarily communists. This car has recently changed. Now it is driving exactly the same, but white "Volga", and its garage in Bezbozhny Lane. She still travels to apartments and public places, ministries and other Soviet institutions.

 ***

 The methods of punitive medicine are also used in the internecine struggle for power among the Soviet bureaucrats. According to one employee of the Moscow station of emergency and urgent psychiatric care, responsible officials (quite healthy people) of various departments, up to the Central Committee and the Council of Ministers apparatus, are sometimes hospitalized in psychiatric hospitals. Naturally, after staying in such a hospital, there can be no question of a further political career.

 Upon arrival at the psychiatric hospital, our "mentally ill" must be examined by three psychiatrists within 24 hours and, having confirmed the diagnosis, agreed to be hospitalized. Of course, this is an empty formality, but it is often not followed. This is understandable. Why should doctors bother themselves with unnecessary conversations, waste time if they know in advance that this "patient" was hospitalized by order of the KGB.

 About the order prevailing at the Institute. Serbian, is well written in the story "Institute of Fools" by Viktor Nekipelov.

 book by Zh. and R. Medvedev "Who is crazy?"

 ***

 Amital sodium (etaminal, barbamil) is considered the most powerful drug in modern psychopharmacology. After intravenous administration of amytal-sodium solution, the maximum effect occurs after 2-5 minutes. The patient falls into a state of euphoria, increased speech and motor activity. He willingly answers all questions, behaves at ease, complacent. This condition can be compared to a mild degree of alcoholic intoxication.

 LSD-25, psilobicin, mescaline

 Among other antipsychotics of phenothiazine derivatives in the practice of punitive medicine, chlorpromazine, tizercin, sanapax, ethaperazine, frenolone, triftazine (stelazine), mazheptil are used.

 Perhaps the most common drug in punitive medicine is still a buterophenone derivative, the neuroleptic haloperidol.

 Parkinsonism, akinetic-hypertensive syndrome is characterized by amiostatic disorders in the form of general stiffness, poverty and slowness of motor skills, amimia, lack of friendly movement of the hands when walking, etc., as well as autonomic disorders (hypersalivation, seborrhea, sweating, tachycardia).

    In hyperkinetic-hypertensive syndrome, in addition to muscle rigidity, various hyperkinesis, tremors, akathisia (feeling of motor restlessness with the desire to change body position, “restlessness.”) not walking ... ").

 With dyskinetic syndrome, tonic convulsions are observed (especially in the first days), more often the muscles of the tongue, neck, bottom of the mouth, chewing muscles. Seizures in the form of torsional athetosis, gaze cramps (similar to Kulenkampf-Tarnov syndrome) are noted. Excimotor crises, convulsive limbs, epileptotonus * are possible.

 Extrapyramidal disorders are removed with special correctors. In special psychiatric hospitals, cyclodol is used as a corrector (synonyms - romparkin, parkopan, artan, etc.).

 Sulfosine.

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