The impact of urban expansion on land surface temperatures in Sulaymaniyah City 🏙️

✅ Masters Thesis from the year 2️⃣0️⃣1️⃣3️⃣ in the subject Geography 🌐 Earth 🧪 Science - Cartography, Geographic Information ℹ️ Science 🧪 and ➕ Geodesy, Sheffield Hallam University, language: English 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿, abstract: This research examines the changes in land useland cover 📔 in the city 🏙️ of Sulaymaniyah north ⬆️ of Iraq ​🇮🇶​ and ➕ identifies land surface temperature 🌡️ variations among the land cover 📔 types. The primary aim of this study is to use Landsat-5️⃣ TM ™️ imagery with GIS techniques to study and ➕ investigate the impact of urban expansion on land surface temperature 🌡️ (LST) for three 3️⃣ year periods. Three 3️⃣ Landsat 5️⃣ TM ™️ images were obtained in July 1️⃣9️⃣8️⃣4️⃣, August 2️⃣0️⃣0️⃣0️⃣ and ➕ October 2️⃣0️⃣1️⃣0️⃣. Land use categories were derived through the use of supervised classification techniques and ➕ the land surface temperature 🌡️ was obtained by computing the brightness 🔅 temperature 🌡️ from the satellite 🛰️ sensor. The result showed that between 1️⃣9️⃣8️⃣4️⃣ and ➕ 2️⃣0️⃣1️⃣0️⃣, there was a mild decrease in open 😃 and ➕ barren lands from 6️⃣9️⃣.3️⃣% in 1️⃣9️⃣8️⃣4️⃣ to 5️⃣7️⃣.2️⃣% in 2️⃣0️⃣1️⃣0️⃣ while the built-up ⬆️ areas increased from 1️⃣1️⃣.5️⃣% in 1️⃣9️⃣8️⃣4️⃣ to 1️⃣5️⃣.5️⃣% in 2️⃣0️⃣0️⃣0️⃣ and ➕ reached 2️⃣5️⃣.5️⃣% by 2️⃣0️⃣1️⃣0️⃣.The political and ➕ economic changes in the study area are the main factors behind the recent urban expansion. The lowest LST readings 👤📖 were taken from the vegetation lands with values of 2️⃣8️⃣oC in 1️⃣9️⃣8️⃣4️⃣, 2️⃣9️⃣oC in 2️⃣0️⃣0️⃣0️⃣ and ➕ 3️⃣4️⃣oC in 2️⃣0️⃣1️⃣0️⃣. The barren lands recorded ⏺️ the highest temperature 🌡️ of 3️⃣8️⃣oC, 3️⃣8️⃣oC and ➕ 3️⃣4️⃣oC for the years 1️⃣9️⃣8️⃣4️⃣, 2️⃣0️⃣0️⃣0️⃣ and ➕ 2️⃣0️⃣1️⃣0️⃣ respectively. An interesting observation in this study is the fact that the u...

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