The Use Of Private Cars In Cities

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The objective was to reduce the use of conventionally fuelled vehicles with the help of positive incentives, especially ones delivered via smartphones. Reducing the use of conventionally fuelled vehicles in cities is crucial for reducing climate and small particle emissions.
The project was carried out in several European cities, with different solutions piloted in each. Of these, the following five ways were found to be particularly effective for reducing the use of conventionally fuelled vehicles.
In Helsinki, the project involved studying a model in which an employer encouraged their employees to shift from the use of conventionally fuelled vehicles to other modes of transport. This encouragement can be anything from supporting bicycle maintenance to cash incentives. The results recorded in Helsinki corresponded with experiences gained in other European cities: enthusiasm for these types of programmes is high at management level, but their implementation is hindered by practical difficulties in taxation, administration and at HR department level. However, these difficulties can be addressed with relevant information and guidelines, as well as by reducing companies’ workload with a pre-packaged service, in which an external actors produces an internal campaign for a company from start to finish. Employer-driven programmes can also often adopt a more long-term approach than public, relatively short campaigns. Such programmes benefit companies directly by improving employees’ health and providing direct savings, so it is in the interest of companies to keep trials going or even make them permanent. As such, the employer model is considered important going forward, since the shifts in transport habits achieved by short campaigns are rarely permanent. The fact is that people tend to fall back into their old habits once the carrots run out.
2. Collect points with monetary value by not driving
Among the most effective ways of reducing the use of conventionally fuelled vehicles were major, city-driven campaigns, in which the incentives were one part of a larger whole. The best examples include the city of Bologna’s multi-award-winning Bella Mossa campaign and the city of Antwerp’s Slim Naar Antwerp campaign. Both of these campaigns were based on participants collecting points, which could be exchanged for goods prizes or discounts at various shops. The common denominators of these campaigns were the cities’ strong will and investment in the campaigns and collaboration with the private sector.
Gothenburg successfully trialled a model in which participants chose their preferred charity to support. This ‘cycling for a good cause’ model proved highly effective, demonstrating that when a person considers a cause to be close to their heart, they are more willing to inconvenience themselves than for a small material reward.
The participants in the above-mentioned Gothenburg model were also asked to join virtual teams and dress in their teams’ colours. This type of competitive model can increase enthusiasm for participation if the cause is seen as worthwhile or the competition feels particularly meaningful. Traditionally, these types of models involve competitions between cities or city districts based around the accumulation of kilometres. Adding incentives to such models can significantly increase the attractiveness of the competition.
One of the factors contributing to the success of a campaign is ease of participation. If participation requires additional effort every time, the campaign cannot become very successful. As such, participation and the collection of mobility data should be automated as far as possible while also avoiding application bloat. With this in mind, a trial in Helsinki focused on integrating incentives and gamification into a mobility solution that people already use. When it comes to the collection of cycling or jogging kilometres, collaboration with dedicated special applications can be fruitful, but when the aim is to comprehensively monitor and steer mobility choices, integration with MaaS applications will be crucial going forward.
Lessons learned about gamification being utilised in Jätkäsaari
The EMPOWER project’s best tips for reducing the use of conventionally fuelled vehicles have been collected into a toolkit made freely available to cities and other interested parties at https://empowertoolkit.eu/
The toolkit is also being utilised in Forum Virium’s new EU-funded MUV project, which aims for city district-level impacts via gamification. As part of the project, Forum Virium will be carrying out pilots in Jätkäsaari in 2018–19, in which residents will be challenged to try out new mobility choices and change their existing ones. These pilots are all based on lessons learned in the EMPOWER project. In addition to this, the EMPOWER project has also lead to collaboration with various actors in the Helsinki region for the purpose of utilising incentive and gamification models, which will be reflected in upcoming projects in the coming years.
The EMPOWER project was funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 programme. The project had a total budget of EUR 4.89 million. In Finland, the project was coordinated by the City of Helsinki’s innovation unit Forum Virium Helsinki, which aims to turn Helsinki into the most functional smart city in the world in collaboration with companies, the scientific community and city residents.
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The use of private cars dominates most large cities in the world, causing a negative effect on the quality of life for the majority of the people who live in these cities.
Alternative forms of transport should be encouraged and international laws introduced to control car ownership and use.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Submitted by Đàm Hải Ly on Wed, 11/14/2018 - 11:02
The domination of private cars using in developed urban areas is believed to be responsible for a variety of social issues frustrating the city dwellers dramatically. In order to address the problem, some people suggest using other type of vehicles instead of private cars and also launching worldwide laws to keep the car ownership and use in limitation. While I agree that the use of different vehicles is a good measurement, I don’t think that new laws can help to improve the situation.
For a variety of reasons, using alternative forms of transport will reduce the negative impacts of private cars and bring more benefits if they are used efficiently. Firstly, car is one of the main factors of traffic congestion because of it’s big size, taking more place on the road than others like bicycle or motorcycle. Secondly, it’s usually designed to allow users travel at high speed which other vehicles can’t reach, thereby being more potential to cause traffic accident. Thirdly, going by bicycle or walking is such a good type of physical activities that improve the health and also protect the environment. To demonstrate the advantages of alternative vehicle, for examples, in Japan where electronic train and walking is the most popular means of transport, the inhabitual standart of life is always on the top of the world in comparison with other country.
On the other hand, I believe that introducing international law is out of practice and can’t solve the problem completely. Because each country has it’s own features of economy, society and so on, it’s is quite complicated and difficult to manage the exact value of the amount of car ownership in this one, thereby being a challenge to create common principles which can reach the agreement of all the participants. Even in the case of success in creating a new law, it’s totally not certain that laws will be obeyed completely because national situation can be changing day by day, the law may be suitable now but not in the future. That’s can create argument and confliction among participants.
With all the reasons mentioned below, I believe using other means of transport will cover all the negative side of private car and improve the quality of life of the dwellers but the idea of an international law is unrealistic and impossible to solve the problem efficiently.
Submitted by e-grader on Wed, 11/14/2018 - 11:02
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 314, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...ace on the road than others like bicycle or motorcycle. Secondly, it's usual...
^^
Line 3, column 524, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...ffic accident. Thirdly, going by bicycle or walking is such a good type of physic...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, first, firstly, if, may, second, secondly, so, third, thirdly, well, while, for example, in fact, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 16.0 13.1623246493 122% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 10.0 7.85571142285 127% => OK
Conjunction : 15.0 10.4138276553 144% => OK
Relative clauses : 8.0 7.30460921844 110% => OK
Pronoun: 13.0 24.0651302605 54% => OK
Preposition: 58.0 41.998997996 138% => OK
Nominalization: 10.0 8.3376753507 120% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 5.43587174349 55% => OK
Article: 3.0 2.52805611222 119% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 2.10420841683 95% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 0.809619238477 0% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 4.76152304609 105% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 16.0721442886 81% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 30.0 20.2975951904 148% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 62.3950005583 49.4020404114 126% => OK
Chars per sentence: 154.076923077 106.682146367 144% => OK
Words per sentence: 30.1538461538 20.7667163134 145% => OK
Discourse Markers: 9.69230769231 7.06120827912 137% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.38176352705 91% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 5.01903807615 40% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 9.0 8.67935871743 104% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 3.9879759519 100% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 0.0 3.4128256513 0% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.263331647208 0.244688304435 108% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0919589829216 0.084324248473 109% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0731478259806 0.0667982634062 110% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.163018616322 0.151304729494 108% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.042309457287 0.056905535591 74% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 17.7 13.0946893788 135% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 41.03 50.2224549098 82% => OK
smog_index: 11.2 7.44779559118 150% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 15.0 11.3001002004 133% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.95 12.4159519038 104% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.23 8.58950901804 107% => OK
difficult_words: 102.0 78.4519038076 130% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 14.5 9.78957915832 148% => OK
gunning_fog: 14.0 10.1190380762 138% => OK
text_standard: 15.0 10.7795591182 139% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------

Rates: 73.0337078652 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 6.5 Out of 9
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
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