The Space Nurse

The Space Nurse

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использует защитную технологию, которая является устаревшей и уязвимой для атаки. Злоумышленник может легко выявить информацию, которая, как вы думали, находится в безопасности.

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1 Hunter-Bellevue School of Nursing, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York City 10010.

E A Barrett .

Cutis .

1991 Oct .

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1 Hunter-Bellevue School of Nursing, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York City 10010.

Butcher HK, Forchuk C.
Butcher HK, et al.
Nurs Sci Q. 1992 Fall;5(3):118-23. doi: 10.1177/089431849200500308.
Nurs Sci Q. 1992.

PMID: 1407814

Madrid M.
Madrid M.
Pflege. 1996 Dec;9(4):246-54; discussion 255-6.
Pflege. 1996.

PMID: 9006250

German.

Rogers ME.
Rogers ME.
Nurs Sci Q. 1992 Spring;5(1):27-34. doi: 10.1177/089431849200500108.
Nurs Sci Q. 1992.

PMID: 1538852

Kao HF, Reeder FM, Hsu MT, Cheng SF.
Kao HF, et al.
J Holist Nurs. 2006 Jun;24(2):92-101. doi: 10.1177/0898010105282516.
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PMID: 16740897

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Nurs Outlook. 2001 Mar-Apr;49(2):93-9. doi: 10.1067/mno.2001.111725.
Nurs Outlook. 2001.

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Rogers' nursing science of unitary human beings has potential for providing a unique understanding of human life and health in space as well as on Earth. When planning for nursing services beyond the planetary level, we must focus these on people as integrated wholes in mutual process with a radically different environment. The overview effect, as experienced by astronauts and others, suggests that future space inhabitants are precursors of spacekind.

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When Dolores “Dee” O’Hara entered nursing school after graduating from Oregon’s Lebanon High School in 1953, she had no idea her nursing career would have her literally reaching for the stars. In 1960, she became the first nurse to join NASA, launching a new specialty: aerospace nursing.
Born in Nampa, Idaho, O’Hara grew up in Oregon. After being impressed by a nurse at her high school’s career day, she enrolled in the Providence Hospital School of Nursing and later became a surgical nurse at the University of Oregon Medical School.
While she enjoyed bedside nursing, the physical toll exacerbated O’Hara’s back problems, so she pivoted to diagnostic roles, including lab testing and radiology.
In the spring of 1959, her life took another unexpected turn when her roommate suggested they both join the Air Force. O’Hara’s first reaction was skepticism — “Nice girls don’t do that,” she declared — but the allure of traveling and seeing the world ultimately changed her mind.
After completing officer training, O’Hara departed for her first assignment, in the labor & delivery unit of the Patrick Air Force Base hospital in Cape Canaveral, Fla.
In November 1959, O’Hara was summoned to the office of the hospital commander, Col. George M. Knauf, who offered her a remarkable opportunity: to join Project Mercury, a new NASA program to put human astronauts into space.
O’Hara had no idea what an astronaut was, and she had never even heard of NASA (which had been established just 13 months earlier), but she accepted the job offer, “not knowing at all what I had committed myself to.”
She later learned that adding a nurse to the NASA medical support team had been Knauf’s inspiration. He knew that the space program would put astronauts under tremendous strain, so it would be crucial to quickly identify medical problems or health risks.
However, he also knew that the Mercury astronauts, like most pilots, would be reluctant to admit health problems that might cost them their chance to fly.
Knauf decided a nurse was the answer: The astronauts would be more honest about their health and wellness with a nurse than a flight surgeon, and the nurse would still have the clinical expertise to identify potential problems.
After an intensive search, Knauf decided that O’Hara’s experience in surgery and diagnostics ideally suited her for the job.
O’Hara began her new assignment in January 1960 and soon ingratiated herself with her astronaut patients, who became lifelong friends. The cornerstone of that relationship was trust.
“I always told them that they could come to me with anything they wanted to and I would never betray them,” she later explained. “But, if they came to me and it was something that, in my opinion, would jeopardize the mission, then, morally and ethically, I would have to tell a doctor. That was the understanding and that was the way it worked.”
She conducted pre-and post-flight physicals and countless small but critical tasks, like checking for skin irritation from the many instruments the astronauts wore. Much of this was new territory.
“All of us, physicians, engineers, myself and everyone associated, we were all kind of marching forward and not with a lot of guidance,” she recalled, “just kind of making up the rules as we went along.”
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Each flight was nerve-wracking. The early rockets weren’t very reliable, and the chances of disaster were high. Watching the launches, she said, “never really got easier.”
O’Hara was part of the NASA team through every flight in the Mercury, Gemini and Apollo programs, including the 1969–72 moon landings. She was still the program’s only nurse, which gave her great autonomy and a mountainous workload, especially after her responsibilities expanded to include caring for astronauts’ families and other NASA aircraft operations crews.
“I think at one point I had a patient census of 500,” she later recalled. By the time of Alan Shepard’s historic flight in May 1961, everyone in America knew what an astronaut was. As the most publicly visible woman on the team working to put men on the moon, O’Hara became a minor celebrity, receiving fan mail, speaking invitations and even a 1962 appearance on the TV show “To Tell the Truth.”
The Air Force encouraged her to attend when she could (“it was a form of advertisement for Air Force nurses,” she explained), but she didn’t relish those appearances. She has consistently declined offers to share her experiences in a book, saying simply, “You don’t go talking about your patients.”
After the Apollo program ended, O’Hara left the Air Force to become a civilian NASA employee. Until her retirement in 1997, she managed the Human Research Facility at the NASA Ames Research Center in California. She was still keenly interested in the space program, and the research programs she oversaw at Ames greatly expanded NASA’s understanding of the physiological effects of space travel.
O’Hara has received a number of prestigious honors, most recently her induction into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame, Class of 2021, but she remains modest about her achievements. Many say that nurses can work anywhere — Dee O’Hara’s career proves that a nurse’s reach can truly be out of this world.
JESSICA KIRCHNER, RN, MSN, NPD-BC, is the director of nursing practice for the Ohio Nurses Association and a freelance writer specializing in the healthcare industry.
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The idea of visiting other planets and exploring outer space is an exciting prospect not only for astronauts but also for geologists, engineers, earth scientists and even NURSES !
This site is designed to introduce to you the
Lt. Delores O'Hara, a nurse with Project Mercury
NASA nurse Delores O'Hara in 2009 with astronaut Charlie Duke
   Nurses have been part of aviation and flight since the beginning of commercial flights in the 1920s. In 1958 when President Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act to form NASA, nurses worked closely with medical teams to determine the fitness of astronauts for space exploration. When a mission was successfully completed nurses were also part of the team that observed the impact of a space flight and return to earth on the astronauts' physical and mental health (Lay, 1959). It was not until a year later in 1959 however that a huge difference between aviation and space medicine was determined: biological problems had to be determined and shuttles designed accordingly before astronauts could be sent to space (Czerwinski, Plush & Bailes, 2000).
   Two nurses, Lt Delores O'Hara and Lt Shirley Sineath, were assigned to work with the first seven astronauts of Project Mercury and to develop emergency hospital kits for the astronauts. These nurses had to ensure that the astronauts could manage casualties, plan for disaster control and provide first aid to save lives.
   In 1962 NASA announced the Space Nursing Program which required applicants to have a previous bachelor's degree in nursing. Although no nurse has ever been to space, they do play a large role in monitoring the health of astronauts on the ground, as mentioned above (Langone, 2005).
   What is the specific role of a nurse working in the field of outer space? Multidimensional. Nurses assist physicians and surgeons with physical exams and surgeries (for example, disaster launches or re-entries), provide treatments to patients (astronauts preparing for launch or having just returned from a mission), act as liaisons between the medical unit and other units on base, and help prepare and equip astronauts for the physiological changes that will accompany the experience of microgravity (Czerwinski, Plush & Bailes, 2000).
   In 1991, the Space Nursing Society was founded by Linda Plush with the help of Dr. Martha Rogers. It is based on Rogers' Theory, the Science of Unitary Human Beings, as it is believed that this could provide a unique understanding of life and health in space (Corbett, 2007).
   Finally, many innovations developed with the help of NASA nurses have made their way into every day use both in the medical field and out.
- velcro - the ear thermometer (so astronauts could get temperatures in 3 seconds instead of 5 minutes) - heart, blood pressure and oxygen saturation monitoring - a pump used for a Viking landing that is now used for continuous insulin delivery - CT scans, MRIs, low density X-rays - microbe detectors - programmable pacemakers
   As the future brings us closer to the possibility of living at a lunar space station, and as the distances traveled by astronauts increases, a more self-sufficient medical system will be required. This would include a team of nurses with a wide set of skills and the ability to communicate in the same medical, scientific and everyday language as their team members. These nurses will be in space and will therefore need to be experts in infection control, aseptic technique, and emergency procedures (Czerwinski, Plush & Bailes, 2000). The future is indeed bright for nurses in space.
   As Martha Rogers once stated to Linda Plush: "space spinoffs will affect Earth, not the other way around" (Corbett, 2007).

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