The Secretary Says The Papers
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The Secretary Says The Papers
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From the Book Robert's Rules For Dummies
No other office is more important to the smooth functioning of your group. The work of the secretary is absolutely essential, and it takes a special person to do it correctly and do it well — not because the work is difficult, but because it’s so important. Dependability, organization, and the ability to refrain from editorializing are the key attributes of a successful secretary.
If you’re the secretary, don’t wear yourself out trying to write (into the minutes) everything everybody says in meetings. In fact, it’s actually improper to do that. It boils down to this: Minutes are the record of what is done in the meeting, not what is said.
The secretary’s duty includes the duty to make available to members, at reasonable times, the records of the organization. But the members’ right to inspect the records doesn’t include the right to abuse or annoy the secretary. Whether you’re the secretary or the member wanting to see the records, a sincere respect for each other’s time and effort benefits all concerned.
C. Alan Jennings , PRP, is a Professional Registered Parliamentarian credentialed by the National Association of Parliamentarians. He is a past President of the Louisiana Association of Parliamentarians and a member of the American Institute of Parliamentarians.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
U.S. defense report on 1945–1967 U.S. involvement in Vietnam
This article is about the U.S. Government documents. For the 2003 film, see The Pentagon Papers (film) .
The Japan – Korea front, The India – Pakistan front, and The Southeast Asia front
— Tedford and Herbeck, pp. 225–226. [34]
^ "The Pentagon Papers" . United Press International (UPI) . 1971 . Retrieved July 2, 2010 .
^ Sheehan, Neil (June 13, 1971). "Vietnam Archive: Pentagon Study Traces 3 Decades of Growing U.S. Involvement" . The New York Times . Retrieved August 3, 2015 .
^ Apple, R.W. (June 23, 1996). "25 Years Later;Lessons From the Pentagon Papers" . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23, 2013 .
^ "The Watergate Story" . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 26, 2013 . Watergate prosecutors find a memo addressed to John Ehrlichman describing in detail the plans to burglarize the office of Pentagon Papers defendant Daniel Ellsberg's psychiatrist, The Post reports.
^ "Pentagon Papers Charges Are Dismissed; Judge Byrne Frees Ellsberg and Russo, Assails 'Improper Government Conduct' " . The New York Times . May 11, 1973 . Retrieved November 4, 2018 .
^ "Pentagon Papers" . History (U.S. TV channel) . Retrieved October 26, 2013 .
^ "After 40 Years, Pentagon Papers Declassified In Full" . NPR . Retrieved November 4, 2018 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e McNamara 1996 , p. 280
^ McNamara 1996 , p. 256
^ Jump up to: a b Gelb, Les and Gladstone, Brooke (January 12, 2018). What the Press and "The Post" Missed . On The Media .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Correll, John T. (February 2007). "The Pentagon Papers" . Air Force Magazine . Retrieved November 4, 2018 .
^ Jump up to: a b McNamara 1996 , p. 282
^ Correll, John T. (February 2007). "The Pentagon Papers" (PDF) . Air Force Magazine . Retrieved November 4, 2018 .
^ Vietnam Task Force, Office of the Secretary of Defense (1969). United States-Vietnam Relations, 1945–1967 (The Pentagon Papers), Index (PDF) (Report) . Retrieved November 17, 2021 .
^ Jump up to: a b "Cover Story: Pentagon Papers: The Secret War" . CNN . June 28, 1971 . Retrieved October 26, 2013 .
^ "The Nation: Pentagon Papers: The Secret War" . Time . June 28, 1971 . Retrieved November 4, 2018 .
^ John McNaughton (January 27, 1965). "Draft Memorandum by J.T. McNaughton, "Observations About South Vietnam After Khanh's 'Re-Coup'"" .
^ Jump up to: a b c d Robert McNamara (November 3, 1965). "Draft Memorandum From Secretary of Defense McNamara to President Johnson" . Office of the Historian .
^ Jump up to: a b c d Sheehan, Neil (June 13, 1971). "Vietnam Archive: Pentagon Study Traces 3 Decades of Growing U.S. Involvement" . The New York Times .
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Evolution of the War. Counterinsurgency: The Kennedy Commitments and Programs, 1961" (PDF) . National Archives and Records Administration . Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2013 . Retrieved 28 October 2013 .
^ Jump up to: a b "The Pentagon Papers, Vol. 2, Chapter 4, "The Overthrow of Ngo Dinh Diem, May–November, 1963" " (PDF) . National Archives and Records Administration . Archived from the original (PDF) on August 9, 2013 . Retrieved October 28, 2013 .
^ Tim Weiner (June 7, 1998). "Lucien Conein, 79, Legendary Cold War Spy" . The New York Times . He ran agents behind the Iron Curtain in the early 1950s. He was the C.I.A.'s contact with friendly generals in Vietnam as the long war took shape there. He was the man through whom the United States gave the generals tacit approval as they planned the assassination of South Vietnam's President, Ngo Dinh Diem, in November 1963.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e John A. McCone (July 28, 1964). "Probable Communist Reactions to Certain US or US-Sponsored Courses of Action in Vietnam and Laos" . Office of the Historian . Retrieved October 26, 2013 .
^ McGeorge Bundy (September 8, 1964). "Courses of action for South Vietnam" . Office of the Historian . Retrieved October 26, 2013 .
^ Ellsberg, Daniel (August 7, 2008). "Ellsberg: Remembering Anthony Russo" . Antiwar.com . Retrieved April 17, 2011 .
^ "Introduction to the Court Opinion on The New York Times Co. v. United States Case" . United States Department of State. Archived from the original on December 4, 2005 . Retrieved December 5, 2005 .
^ Chomsky, Noam; Zinn, Howard (eds.). The Pentagon Papers (Senator Gravel ed.). Beacon Press. OCLC 248181 .
^ Jump up to: a b "How the Pentagon Papers Came to be Published by the Beacon Press: A Remarkable Story Told by Whistleblower Daniel Ellsberg, Dem Presidential Candidate Mike Gravel and Unitarian Leader Robert West" . Democracy Now! . July 2, 2007 . Retrieved February 14, 2021 .
^ "The Pentagon Papers Case" . National security Archives, George Washington University . Retrieved December 5, 2005 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "The Pentagon Papers" . 1971 Year in Review . United Press International. 1971 . Retrieved February 13, 2021 .
^ Jump up to: a b "New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713 (1971)" . Cornell Law School . Retrieved December 5, 2005 .
^ United States v. N.Y. Times Co. , 328 F. Supp. 324, 331 (S.D.N.Y. 1971).
^ "New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713 (1971)" . Findlaw .
^ Tedford, Thomas L.; Herbeck, Dale A. Freedom of Speech in the United States (5th ed.) . Retrieved February 13, 2021 .
^ Meislin, Richard J. (March 22, 1972). "Popkin Faces Jail Sentence In Contempt of Court Case" . The Harvard Crimson . Archived from the original on February 4, 2013.
^ Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s . New York, New York: Basic Books. p. 43 . ISBN 978-0-465-04195-4 .
^ Perlstein, Rick (2008). Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America . Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-4302-5 .
^ John McNaughton (March 10, 1965). "Paper Prepared by the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs (McNaughton)" .
^ "U.S. Ground Strategy and Force Deployments, 1965–1968: Chronology". The Pentagon Papers . Vol. 4 (Gravel ed.). Boston: Beacon Press. 1971. pp. 277–604 . Retrieved February 13, 2021 – via Mount Holyoke College.
^ Burke, John; Greenstein, Fred (1989). How Presidents Test Reality: Decisions on Vietnam, 1954 and 1965 . p. 215.
^ Steven Aftergood (May 2011). "Pentagon Papers to be Officially Released" . Federation of American Scientists, Secrecy News . Retrieved May 13, 2011 .
^ Nixon Presidential Historical Materials: Opening of Materials (PDF) , 76 FR 27092 (2011-05-10)
^ Jason, Ukman; Jaffe, Greg (June 10, 2011). "Pentagon Papers to be declassified at last" . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 13, 2011 .
^ Jump up to: a b c O'Keefe, Ed (June 13, 2011). "Pentagon Papers released: How they did it" . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 13, 2011 .
^ Roberts, Sam (July 23, 2011). "Finding the Secret 11 Words" . The New York Times . Retrieved April 18, 2012 .
^ National Archives and Records Administration (June 13, 2011). "Pentagon Papers" . Archived from the original on June 12, 2011 . Retrieved June 13, 2011 .
The Pentagon Papers , officially titled Report of the Office of the Secretary of Defense Vietnam Task Force , is a United States Department of Defense history of the United States' political and military involvement in Vietnam from 1945 to 1967. Released by Daniel Ellsberg , who had worked on the study, they were first brought to the attention of the public on the front page of The New York Times in 1971. [1] [2] A 1996 article in The New York Times said that the Pentagon Papers had demonstrated, among other things, that the Johnson Administration had "systematically lied, not only to the public but also to Congress." [3]
The Pentagon Papers revealed that the U.S. had secretly enlarged the scope of its actions in the Vietnam War with coastal raids on North Vietnam and Marine Corps attacks—none of which were reported in the mainstream media. For his disclosure of the Pentagon Papers , Ellsberg was initially charged with conspiracy, espionage, and theft of government property; charges were later dismissed, after prosecutors investigating the Watergate scandal discovered that the staff members in the Nixon White House had ordered the so-called White House Plumbers to engage in unlawful efforts to discredit Ellsberg. [4] [5]
In June 2011, the documents forming the Pentagon Papers were declassified and publicly released. [6] [7]
Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara created the Vietnam Study Task Force on June 17, 1967, for the purpose of writing an "encyclopedic history of the Vietnam War ". [8] McNamara claimed that he wanted to leave a written record for historians, to prevent policy errors in future administrations, [9] although Les Gelb , then director of Policy Planning at the Pentagon, has said that the notion that they were commissioned as a "cautionary tale" is a motive that McNamara only used in retrospect. McNamara told others, such as Dean Rusk , that he only asked for a collection of documents rather than the studies he received. [10] Motives aside, McNamara neglected to inform either President Lyndon Johnson or Secretary of State Dean Rusk about the study. [8] One report claimed that McNamara had planned to give the work to his friend, Robert F. Kennedy , who was seeking the Democratic presidential nomination in 1968 . [11] [12] which he later denied, though admitting that he should have informed Johnson and Rusk. [12]
Instead of using existing Defense Department historians, McNamara assigned his close aide and Assistant Secretary of Defense John T. McNaughton to collect the papers. [8] McNaughton died in a plane crash one month after work began in June 1967, but the project continued under the direction of Defense Department official Leslie H. Gelb . [8] Thirty-six analysts—half of them active-duty military officers, the rest academics and civilian federal employees—worked on the study. [8] The analysts largely used existing files in the Office of the Secretary of Defense . In order to keep the study secret from others, including National Security Advisor Walt W. Rostow , they conducted no interviews or consultations with the armed forces, with the White House, or with other federal agencies. [11]
McNamara left the Defense Department in February 1968, and his successor Clark M. Clifford received the finished study on January 15, 1969, five days before Richard Nixon 's inauguration, although Clifford claimed he never read it. The study consisted of 3,000 pages of historical analysis and 4,000 pages of original government documents in 47 volumes, and was classified as "Top Secret – Sensitive". ("Sensitive" is not an official security designation ; it meant that access to the study should be controlled.) The task force published 15 copies; the think tank RAND Corporation received two of the copies from Gelb, Morton Halperin and Paul Warnke , with access granted if at least two of the three approved. [11] [13]
The 47 volumes of the papers were organized as follows: [14]
I. Vietnam and the U.S., 1940–1950 (1 Vol.)
II. U.S. Involvement in the Franco–Viet Minh War, 1950–1954 (1 Vol.)
IV. Evolution of the War (26 Vols.)
V. Justification of the War (11 Vols.)
VI. Settlement of the Conflict (6 Vols.)
Although President Johnson stated that the aim of the Vietnam War was to secure an "independent, non-Communist South Vietnam ", a January 1965 memorandum by Assistant Secretary of Defense John McNaughton stated that an underlying justification was "not to help friend, but to contain China". [15] [16] [17]
On November 3, 1965, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara sent a memorandum to President Johnson, in which he explained the "major policy decisions with respect to our course of action in Vietnam". The memorandum begins by disclosing the rationale behind the bombing of North Vietnam in February 1965:
The February decision to bomb North Vietnam and the July approval of Phase I deployments make sense only if they are in support of a long-run United States policy to contain China . [18]
McNamara accused China of harboring imperial aspirations like those of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan . According to McNamara, the Chinese were conspiring to "organize all of Asia" against the United States:
China—like Germany in 1917, like Germany in the West and Japan in the East in the late 30s, and like the USSR in 1947—looms as a major power threatening to undercut our importance and effectiveness in the world and, more remotely but more menacingly, to organize all of Asia against us. [18]
To encircle the Chinese, the United States aimed to establish "three fronts" as part of a "long-run effort to contain China":
There are three fronts to a long-run effort to contain China (realizing that the USSR "contains" China on the north and northwest):
However, McNamara admitted that the containment of China would ultimately sacrifice a significant amount of America's time, money and lives. [18]
Years before the Gulf of Tonkin incident occurred on August 2, 1964, the U.S. government was indirectly involved in Vietnam's affairs by sending advisors or (military personnel) to train the South Vietnamese soldiers:
In a section of the Pentagon Papers titled "Kennedy Commitments and Programs", America's commitment to South Vietnam was attributed to the creation of the country by the United States. As acknowledged by the papers:
We must note that South Vietnam (unlike any of the other countries in Southeast Asia) was essentially the creation of the United States. [20]
In a sub-section titled "Special American Commitment to Vietnam", the papers emphasized once again the role played by the United States:
More specifically, the United States sent US$28.4 million worth of equipment and supplies to help the Diem regime strengthen its army. In addition, 32,000 men from South Vietnam's Civil Guard were trained by the United States at a cost of US$12.7 million. It was hoped that Diem's regime, after receiving a significant amount of U.S. assistance, would be able to withstand the Viet Cong . [20]
The papers identified General Edward Lansdale , who served in the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and worked for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), as a "key figure" in the establishment of Diem as the President of South Vietnam, and the backing of Diem's regime thereafter. As written by Lansdale in a 1961 memorandum: "We (the U.S.) must support Ngo Dinh Diem until another strong executive can replace him legally." [20]
According to the Pentagon Papers , the U.S. government played a key role in the 1963 South Vietnamese coup , in which Diem was assassinated. While maintaining "clandestine contact" with Vietnamese generals planning a coup, the U.S. cut off its aid to President Diem and openly supported a successor government in what the authors called an "essentially leaderless Vietnam":
For the military coup d'etat against Ngo Dinh Diem, the U.S. must accept its full share of responsibility. Beginning in August 1963 we variously authorized, sanctioned and encouraged the coup efforts of the Vietnamese generals and offered full support for a successor government.
In October we cut off aid to Diem in a direct rebuff, giving a green light to the generals. We maintained clandestine contact with them throughout the planning and execution of the coup and sought to review their operational plans and proposed new government.
Thus, as the nine-year rule of Diem came to a bloody end, our complicity in his overthrow heightened our responsibilities and our commitment in an essentially leaderless Vietnam. [21]
As early as August 23, 1963, an unnamed U.S. representative had met with Vietnamese generals planning a coup against Diem. [21] According to The New York Times , this U.S. representative was later identified to be CIA officer Lucien Conein . [22]
The Director of Central Intelligence , John A. McCone , proposed the following categories of military action:
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