The German And Russian Language

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The German-Russian pidgin is a macaronic language of mixed German and Russian that appears to have arisen in the early 1990s. It is sometimes known as Deutschrussisch in German or Nemrus in Russian. Some speakers of the mixed language refer to it as Quelia. It is spoken by some russophone immigrants in Germany from the former Soviet Union.
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Russian acts as the linguistic substratum, supplying the syntactic structure into which German words are inserted. The German content varies from speaker to speaker, but can be as high as 50% of the vocabulary. The situation is somewhat akin to Spanglish in the United States.
Gender may be influenced by Russian genders, as in the case of most words ending in '-ung', which are always feminine in German, but usually masculine in the mixed language because Russian nouns ending in a hard consonant are always masculine. However, some words inherit their gender from the German noun, as in the feminine какая хорошая [kakaja xoroʂaja] from German feminine die Überraschung, meaning 'surprise'.
A mixed language makes greater use of the uncommon Russian auxiliary verbs иметь [imʲetʲ], meaning 'to have' and быть [bɨtʲ], meaning 'to be'. The corresponding verbs (haben and sein respectively) are very common in German.
German verbs are often treated in a sentence as though they were Russian verbs, being russified by replacing the German infinitive verb ending. -(e)n with the Russian -tʲ. For example, German spüren becomes шпюрить [ʂpʲuritʲ] - 'to feel', or spielen becomes шпилить, 'to play'.
The following features vary from speaker to speaker:
Grammatical system of noun classification
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What similarities are there between German and Russian Languages?
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* Phonetics: while not terribly similar, the two languages more or less share an "average Central European" set of phonemes. No "crazy" (from G. or R. point of view) features, such as an overcomplicated vowel system (as in English or French), tonality (as in Chinese or SE Asian languages), vocalic 'r' or 'l' (as in Czech or Serbian/Croatian), nasal vowels (as in French or Polish or Proto-Slavic). Both languages share some forms of consonant assimilation (e.g. devoicing of voiced consonants at the end of a syllable or before a voiceless consonant), and are OK with some fairly complex consonant
* Phonetics: while not terribly similar, the two languages more or less share an "average Central European" set of phonemes. No "crazy" (from G. or R. point of view) features, such as an overcomplicated vowel system (as in English or French), tonality (as in Chinese or SE Asian languages), vocalic 'r' or 'l' (as in Czech or Serbian/Croatian), nasal vowels (as in French or Polish or Proto-Slavic). Both languages share some forms of consonant assimilation (e.g. devoicing of voiced consonants at the end of a syllable or before a voiceless consonant), and are OK with some fairly complex consonant clusters. Of course, the sounds systems are not identical: for example, a German learning Russian may have trouble with the voiced/voiceless distinction in some positions (e.g., German words may only have [z] and not [s] in initial position), while a Russian speaker may fail to produce the proper long/short vowel distinction, or to hear it.
* Grammar: As everyone else has noted, German has the same 3 genders in nouns and adjectives (m/f/n) as Russian (and other Slavic). Unfortunately for language learners, the ways they are marked in the two languages are not too similar, and there is little correlation between noun assignments to genders in G. vs. R. In both languages nouns and adjectives decline according to grammatical case (4 in G, 6 in R); while this is a common Indo-European feature, it, however, has been lost in most Romance languages, and even in some Germanic (English) and Slavic (Bulgarian) ones. The conjugation of verbs in present tense is fairly similar in the two languages as well, but other tenses are quite different.
* Morphology: various word-forming suffixes and prefixes (used in forming nouns and especially verbs with new meaning) are as productive in German as in Russian, much more so than e.g. in English (where some verbal prefixes have become separate particles, e.g. "go on", "go over", "go out", "go in"). Both languages are fairly comfortable in combining roots, creating compound words (e.g. G. Flugzeug / R. samoljot / E. aircraft). German appears to like this way of word forming more than Russian, while Russian does so more than English.
* Vocabulary: There are of course some recognizable words of shared Indo-European stock; many of them are shared with English and other not-too-innovative IE languages (e.g. G. Nase / R. nos / E. nose; G. Berg ['mountain'] / R. bereg ['shore']). There is a layer of old Germanic (not necessarily German, strictly speaking; some may even have come from Gothic, others from Scandinavian languages) loanwords in Slavic languages (including Russian), from 1000+ years ago. E.g G. Laib [E. loaf] / R. hleb ('bread'); G. Weingarten (E. vineyard) / R. vinograd ('grapes'), G. Anker / R. якорь /E. anchor. There are of course shared 'internationalism', words of Latin or Greek, more recently French or English origin, shared with many other European languages. Most importantly, Russian has imported a huge layer of words related to "everyday technology" (carpentry, metal work, electricity, seafaring, commerce) from German (sometimes by the way of Polish) or from closely related languages (Dutch, sometimes English) in the 17th through the early 20th century. With some of them German origin is fairly obvious; about others, etymologists argue as to whether the source was German or Dutch. E.g. штепсель / Stöpsel 'plug', мачта / Mast, винт 'screw' / Gewinde 'thread (of a screw etc)'. A few of those may be of ultimately Romance or Greek origin, e.g. тарелка / Teller 'plate'. (See Germanism (linguistics)
for more examples.) There must be some Russian (or Slavic, similar to Russian) loanwords in German, but in much smaller number.
Early Russian scientists usually could speak and read German (Lomonosov, for example), or, thinking of it, they actually were German (the same Lomonosov supposedly disliked the "preponderance" of German immigrants or expats in the St Petersburg Academy of his day). So it’s not surprising that the Russian scientific vocabulary - or scientific phraseology - has a fair amount of German influence; often not in the form of direct loanwords, but calques (sometimes, ultimately from a Latin[ate] pattern): e.g. G. Einfluss/ R. vlijanie / E. influence (literally, 'in-flow').
Related Questions (More Answers Below)
How does the Russian language differ from the German language?
Do German and Russian have similar accents? Are the two languages similar at all?
Which language has a brighter future: Russian or German?
Which is most similar to Russian: English or German?
Seen from English as a starting point, Russian and German may seem similar: both have gendered nouns and adjectives, there are three genders (masculin, female and neutral), they both use case endings to indicate the role of a word in a sentence, though Russian uses six while German only has four cases. Russian also uses genders and cases in numerals (including a dual - a special plural for two, three or four of something) that German does not. German however has definite and indefinite articles, which in Russian - нет.
Both of course are members of the Indo-European language family, so they sha
Seen from English as a starting point, Russian and German may seem similar: both have gendered nouns and adjectives, there are three genders (masculin, female and neutral), they both use case endings to indicate the role of a word in a sentence, though Russian uses six while German only has four cases. Russian also uses genders and cases in numerals (including a dual - a special plural for two, three or four of something) that German does not. German however has definite and indefinite articles, which in Russian - нет.
Both of course are members of the Indo-European language family, so they share words with the same roots - sometimes ancient roots, sometimes loans from Classical Greek or Enlightenment French. Sometimes they have even loaned from eachother, such as бутерброд (Butterbrot = sandwich), факел (Fackel = torch), шахта (Schacht = mineshaft) or ефрейтор (Gefreiter = lance corporal) are Russian words from German origin, as for instance Steppe (степь = steppe) or Zobel (соболь =sable marten) are some words German took from Russian.
Overall, there are more German words in Russian than the other way round. Russian words in German usually denote something of Russian origin like ruble, vodka or samovar. In East Germany, some loanwords like Datsche (Дача - holiday home) were in use.
So Russian and German are more like second cousins, than like brother and sister. These languages may have some similarities (as they share elements with English) but are far from being mutually intelligible or even “same”.
How does the Russian language differ from the German language?
Do German and Russian have similar accents? Are the two languages similar at all?
Which language has a brighter future: Russian or German?
Which is most similar to Russian: English or German?
Why does the Russian language have so many German loan words?
Which languages have a similar structure to the German language?
Is there an easy way to tell the difference between Russian and German?
How come Germans speak Russian fluently?
Which language is easier to learn after English - German or Russian?
Which language should I learn: Russian, French or German?
Grammatically speaking, which one is harder, Latin or Russian?
Does the Russian language have similarities with the German language?
Which language sounds harsher, German or Russian?

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