The Etymologies XIII

UB- abound. Q uvea abundant, in very great number, very large; uve abundance, great quantity. N ofr (ovr), ovor abundant (*ubra), ovras crowd, heap, etc.; ovro to abound.

UGU- and UMU- negative stems: Q uin and umin I do not, am not; pa.t. ume. Q prefix u (< ugu, or gu) not, un-, in- (usually with bad sense), as vanimor fair folk = (men and) elves, uvanimor monsters. Cf. GU, MU. [Under BAN the Vanimor are the Children of the Valar. - This entry was first written, like all others in this part of the manuscript, in pencil, but then overwritten in ink; it was struck out, in pencil, but this may have been done before it was overwritten. Apparently later pencilled additions are: [Q] umea evil, [N] um bad, evil.]

ULU- pour, flow. Q ulya- pour (intr. pa.t. ulle, tr. ulyane); ulunde flood; ulea pouring, flooding, flowing. *Ulumo name of the Vala of all waters: Q Ulmo; N Ulu, usually called Guiar (see WAY). N oeil, eil it is raining (*ulya); *ulda torrent, mountain-stream, EN old, oll.

ULUG- T ulga, Ilk. olg hideous, horrible; *ulgundo monster, deformed and hideous creature: Q ulundo; T ulgundo, Ilk. ulgund, ulgon, ulion; N ulund, ulun. Also ULGU: cf. Ul- in Ulfang, Uldor, Ulfast, Ulwarth, names of Swartmen. [These names of the Easterlings were of course given to them by the Elves (as is specifically stated of those with the element BOR); but cf. the Lhammas, where this is not so.]

UNG- *ungwe: Q ungwe gloom; ungo cloud, dark shadow. Cf. Ungweliante, Ungoliante the Spider, ally of Morgoth (cf. SLIG). Ilk. ungol darkness, ungor black, dark, gloomy. In N not used except in name Ungoliant, which is really taken from Q. The name of the Spider in N is Delduthling (see DYEL, DOƷ).

UNU- (cf. NU, NDU). undu a parallel form in Q made to equal ama, amba up [AM]: down, under, beneath.

UNUK- Q unqe hollow; unka- hollow out; unqa adj. hollow.

UR- be hot. Q ur fire, N ur. Q Urin f. (g.sg. Urinden) name of the Sun. Q uruite, uruva fiery. Cf. Dagor Vreged-ur Battle of Sudden Fire [BEREK]. Q urya- blaze. [This entry was struck through, and beside it the following written very roughly:] UR- wide, large, great. Urion. Q ura large; N ur wide.

USUK- *us(u)k-we: Q usqe reek; N osp; Ilk. usc smoke.

UY- Q uile long trailing plant, especially seaweed; earuile seaweed [AY]; Uinen (Uinenden) wife of Osse, ON Uinenda, EN Uinend, Uinen (cf. NEN); [N] uil seaweed, oeruil.

[The stems in W- form the concluding entries in the manuscript, and unlike those that precede were carefully written in ink, with some pencilled changes and additions.]

WA-, WAWA-, WAIWA- blow. Q vaiwa, waiwa wind; N gwaew; Ilk. gwau.

WAƷ. stain, soil. *waʒra: Q vara soiled, dirty; N gwaur (ON wora); Ilk. gor. *wahta- to soil, stain: Q vahta; N gwatho (ON wattobe); Ilk. goda-. *wahte a stain: ON watte, N gwath coalescing with *wath, q.v. [WATH]; Ilk. god dirtiness, filth. *wahse: Q vakse stain; ON wasse, N gwass. Cf. Iarwath 'Blood-stain' [YAR], surname of Turin.

WAN- depart, go away, disappear, vanish. Q vanya- go, depart, disappear, pa.t. vanne; vanwa gone, departed, vanished, lost, past; vanwie the past, past time. This stem in N replaced KWAL in application to death (of elves by fading, or weariness): thus gwanw (*wanwe) death; gwanath death; gwann (*wanna) departed, dead. Note: gwanw, gwanath are the 'act of dying', not 'death, Death' as a state or abstract: that is guru (see NGUR). N gwanno (wanta-) depart, die. [The stem WAN was changed in pencil to VAN.]

WA-N- goose: Q van, wan (pl. vani) goose; N gwaun, pl. guin.

WAR- give way, yield, not endure, let down, betray. ON warie betray, cheat; awarta forsake, abandon. EN gwerio betray; gwarth betrayer; awartha forsake; awarth abandonment. Cf. Ulwarth. [This entry was an addition in pencil. On Ulwarth see ULUG.]

WATH- shade. ON watha, N gwath; Ilk. gwath. Cf. Ilk. Urthin (> N Eredwethion). [This entry was an addition in pencil. Above Urthin was written Gwethion.]

WAY- enfold. *waya envelope, especially of the Outer Sea or Air enfolding the world within the Ilurambar or world-walls: Q w- vaia, w- vaiya; ON *woia, uia, N ui. *Vayaro name of Ulmo, lord of Vaiya: Q Vaiaro, N Uiar the usual N name of Ulmo. [The stem WAY was changed in pencil to VAY. Under ULU it is said that Ulmo was usually called Guiar in N.]

WED- bind. *weda: ON weda bond, N gwed; Ilk. gwed. N gwedi, pa.t. gwend, gwenn later gwedant, bind. N angwed 'iron-bond', chain. *waede bond, troth, compact, oath: Q vere; ON waide, N gwaed. *wed-ta: Q vesta- swear (to do something), contract, make a compact; vesta contract; vestale oath. N gwest oath; gwesto to swear; gowest contract, compact, treaty, Q ovesta [wo]. [The Q words derived from *wed-ta were struck out in pencil, with the note that they 'all fell with derivatives of BES'. These same words, with different meaning, are found under BES: vesta matrimony, vesta- to wed; vestale wedding. The reference in the original here is to BES (not as previously to BED: see note to LEP).]

WEG- (manly) vigour. Q vie manhood, vigour (*weʒe); vea adult, manly, vigorous; veaner (adult) man [NER]; veasse vigour. veo (*wego) man. The latter in compound form *-wego is frequent in masculine names, taking Q form -we (< weg). This can be distinguished from -we (-we abstract suffix) by remaining -we in N, from ON -wega. The abstract suffix occurs in the names Manwe, Fionwe, Elwe, Ingwe, Finwe. These names do not occur in Exilic forms *Manw, *Fionw, *Elw, *Finw - since Finwe for instance remained in Valinor [see PHIN]. These names were used even by Gnomes in Qenya form, assisted by the resemblance to -we in other names, as Bronwe, ON Bronwega (see BORON). In N otherwise this stem only survives in gweth manhood, also used = man-power, troop of ablebodied men, host, regiment (cf. Forodweith Northmen). *weg-te [This entry, the last under W as the manuscript was originally written, was left unfinished. - Under PHOR the form is equally clearly Forodwaith.]

WEN-, WENED- maiden. Q wende, vende; N gwend, gwenn. Often found in feminine names, as Morwen, Eledwen: since the latter show no -d even in archaic spelling, they probably contain a form wen-: cf. Ilk. gwen girl; Q wene, vene and venesse virginity; N gweneth virginity. [Added:] Some names, especially those of men, may contain gwend bond, friendship: see WED. [The N noun gwend is not given under WED. - Against this entry is written: 'Transfer to GWEN'. - In the narrative texts the name Eledhwen was interpreted as 'Elfsheen' - and this survived much later in the Grey Annals; on the other hand under ELED the translation was changed from 'Elf-fair' to 'Elf-maid'.]

WEY- wind, weave. Q, owing to change wei > wai, confused this with WAY; but cf. Vaire (*weire) 'Weaver', name of the doom-goddess, wife of Mandos: N Gwir. N gwi net, web. [The stem WEY was changed in pencil to VEY.]

WIG- *winge: Q winge foam, crest of wave, crest. Cf. wingil nymph; Wingelot, Wingelote 'foam-flower', Earendel's boat (N Gwingloth) [LOT(H)]. N, Ilk. gwing spindrift, flying spray. [This entry was an addition in pencil. - With wingil cf. the old name Wingildi.]

WIL- fly, float in air. *wilwa air, lower air, distinct from the 'upper' of the stars, or the 'outer' (see WAY): Q wilwa > vilwa; N gwelw air (as substance); gwelwen = Q vilwa; Ilk. gwelu, gwelo. Q vilin I fly, pa.t. ville. N gwilith 'air' as a region = Q vilwa; cf. gilith = Q ilmen (see GIL). Q wilwarin (pl. wilwarindi) butterfly; T vilverin; N gwilwileth; Ilk. gwilwering. [The name Wilwa of the lower air is found also in the preparatory outline for The Fall of Numenor, whereas Wilwa in the Ambarkanta was changed throughout to Vista, and so also on the accompanying world-diagrams. By subsequent pencilled changes the forms *wilwa, Q wilwa were changed to *wilma, Q wilma; Q wilwa > vilwa was struck out; and Q vilin was changed to wilin. A new stem WIS with derivative Q vista (see below) was introduced, either at the same time or later, but the stem WIL. was allowed to stand.]

WIN-, WIND- *windi blue-grey, pale blue or grey: Q vinde, N gwind, gwinn. *winya: Q winya, vinya evening; N gwein, pl. gwin; Ilk. gwini, gwine. *winta- fade: Q vinta-, pa.t. vinte, vintane; ON wintha it fades, advesperascit ['evening approaches'], N gwinna. [This entry was struck out, and 'see THIN written against it. The following pencilled addition may have been made either before or after the original entry was rejected, since it is not itself struck through:] *windia pale blue: Q win(d)ya, vinya; N gwind.

WIS- Q vista air as substance. [See note to WIL.]

WO- together. The form wo would if stressed > wa in Eldarin. In Q the form wo, and the unstressed wo, combined to produce prefix o- 'together': as in o-torno (see TOR), o-selle (see THEL), and many other words, e.g. ovesta (see WED). In N we have gwa- when stressed, as in gwuanur (= Q onoro) [TOR], gwuastar (see STAR), and frequently, but only in old cpds. The living form was go-, developed from gwa- in unstressed positions - originally mainly in verbs, but thence spreading to verbal derivatives as in gowest (see WED). In many words this had become a fixed element. Thus not- count, nut- tie coalesced in Exilic *nod-; but 'count' was always expressed by gonod- unless some other prefix was added, as in arnediad [AR(2)]. In Ilk. owing to coalescence of gwo, ʒ0 (in go) this prefix was lost.

[As already mentioned I have changed the representation of the 'semi-vowel' j to y, and therefore give these stems here, at the end of the alphabet. The section belongs however among the entirely 'unreconstructed' parts of the work, and consists, like the I-stems, only of very rough and difficult notes.]

YA- there, over there; of time, ago, whereas en yonder [EN] of time points to the future. Q yana that (the former); ya formerly, ago: yenya last year [YEN]; yara ancient, belonging to or descending from former times; yare former days; yalume former times [LU]; yasse, yalumesse, yaresse once upon a time; yarea, yalumea olden. N iaur ancient, old(er); io (ia?) ago. 'Old' (in mortal sense, decrepit) is ingem of persons, yearsick', old' (decrepit, worn) of things is gem [GENGWA]. See GYER.

YAB- fruit. Q yave fruit; N iau corn. Yavanna Fruit-giver (cf. ANA(1)), N Ivann.

YAG- yawn, gape. *yagu- gulf: N ia, chiefly in place-names like Moria = Black Gulf. *yagwe: Q yawe ravine, cleft, gulf; N iau. Q yanga- to yawn.

YAK- *yakta-: Q yat (yaht-) neck; N iaeth. Q yatta narrow neck, isthmus.

YAN- Cf. AYAN. Q yana holy place, fane, sanctuary; N iaun.

YAR- blood. Q yar (yaren); N iar; Iarwath Blood-stained (see WAƷ), surname of Turin. Ilk. or blood; arn red; cf. Aros (= N iaros) name of river with reddish water.

YAT- join. *yanta yoke, beside *yatma: Q yanta yoke; yanwe bridge, joining, isthmus. N iant yoke; ianw bridge (eilianw 'skybridge', rainbow, see ƷEL).

YAY- mock. Q yaiwe, ON yaiwe, mocking, scorn; N iaew.

YEL- daughter. Q yelde; N iell, -iel. [This entry was removed with the change of etymology of N iell: see SEL-D and YO, YON. A new formulation of the stem YEL was introduced, but was in turn rejected. This gave:] YEL- friend: Q yelda friendly, dear as friend; yelme; -iel in names = [Old English] -wine (distinguish N -iel derived from selda).

YEN- year. Q yen (yen-); linyenwa old, having many years [LI]. Last day of year = qantien, N penninar [KWAT]; first year, first day minyen [MINI]. Endien Midyear [ENED] was a week outside the months, between the sixth and seventh months, [?dedicated] to the Trees: [also called] Aldalemnar, see LEP. N in year; inias annals; idrin year (= ien-rinde, see RIN); edinar (at-yen-ar) anniversary day, ennin = Valian Year, ingem year-sick' = old (mortally) [GENGWA]; ifant aged, long-lived (= yen-panta > impanta > in-fant) [KWAT].

YES- desire. Q yesta desire; N iest wish.

YO, YON- son. Q yondo, -ion; N ionn, -ion. [The following was added when the entry YEL had been removed:] feminine yen, yend = daughter; Q yende, yen.

YU- two, both. N ui- twi-, as uial twilight [KAL]. Q yuyo both.

YUK- employ, use. N iuith use, iuitho [?enjoy].

YUL- smoulder. Q yula ember, smouldering wood; yulme red [?heat], smouldering heat; yulma brand. ON iolf brand; iul embers.

YUR- run. ON yurine I run, yura course; N ior course.