The Etymologies X

S- demonstrative stem. su, so he (cf. -so inflexion of verbs); st*, se she (cf. -se inflexion of verbs). Cf. N ho, hon, hono he; he, hen, bene she; ha, hana it; plurals huin, hin, hein.

SAB- Q sava juice; ON soba, N san, (pl. sui).

SAG- *sagra: Q sara bitter; N saer. *sagma: Q sangwa poison; N saew.

SALAK-(WE) Q salqe grass; Ilk. salch. ON salape herb, green food plant, N salab (pl. seleb) herb.

SALAP- lick up. Q salpa- lick up, sup, sip; ON salpha liquid food, soup, broth; N salf broth.

SAM- unite, join. samnar diphthongs. [Hasty later addition; see SUD and SUS.]

SAR- Q sar, pl. sardi stone (small); sarna of stone; sarne strong place. N sarn stone as a material, or as adj.; cf. Sarnathrad.

SAY- know, understand. saira- wise; sairon wizard.

SED- rest (cf. EZDE 'rest', Q Este, ON Ezda, wife of Lorien). Q sere rest, repose, peace; senda resting, at peace; serin I rest. N sidh peace.

SEL-D- daughter [see YEL]. Q selde. In N iell (poetic sell girl, maid) with i from iondo son [YO]; a change assisted by the loss of s in cpds. and patronymics: cf. Tinnuviel (*tindomiselde, Q Tindomerel), see TIN. [The meaning 'daughter' was later changed to 'child', with Q forms seldo, selda added.]

SER- love, be fond of (of liking, friendship). Q suffix -ser friend; sermo friend (f. serme), also seron. Cf. name Elesser (Eledser) = AElfwine.

SI- this, here, now. Q si, sin now; sinya new. N sein (pl. sin) new; siniath news, tidings; sinnarn novel tale [NAR(2)].

SIK- Q sikil dagger, knife; N sigil.

SIL- variant of THIL; 'shine silver'. These in Q cannot be distinguished normally, but Q Isil Moon, N + Ithil has th. s- appears in *silime 'light of Silpion', + silver, Q silme (cf. Silmerosse, N Silivros), N *silif. *silima silver, shining white (adj.): Q silma, N *silef, cf. Silevril, Q Silmaril (see RIL). In N Belthil (see BAL) s or th may be present. The Q name of the Elder Tree is Silpion (see below). Cf. Dor istel, istil silver light, applied by the Ilkorins to starlight, probably a Q form learned from Melian. For *silif N has silith, by assimilation to or from influence of + Ithil. Related is SILIP whence Q Silpion (N *Silfion, not used).

SIR- flow. Q sir-, ON sirya-, N sirio flow. Q, ON sire, N sir river (cf. Sirion); Q siril rivulet.

SIW- excite, egg on, urge. Q siule incitement; ON hyule, N hul cry of encouragement in battle.

SKAL(1)- screen, hide (from light). Q halya- veil, conceal, screen from light; halda (*skalna) veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady (opposed to helda stripped bare, see SKEL). ON skhalia-, skhalla; N hall; halthato screen. Ilk. esgal screen, hiding, roof of leaves. Dan. sc(i)ella shade, screen. Derivative name Haldir 'hidden hero' [DER] (son of Orodreth); also Ilk. Esgalduin 'River under Veil' (of [?leaves]). [There seems to be a query before the bracketed words at the end of the entry.]

SKAL(2)- small fish. Q hala; halatir(no) 'fishwatcher', kingfisher; N heledir. [This stem was a later addition; see KHAL(1), TIR.]

SKAR- *skarwe: Q harwe wound; N harw. Cf. Ilk. esgar. *skarna: Q harna wounded; N harn; harno to wound (Q harna-). Root sense: tear, rend; cf. *askara tearing, hastening: N asgar, ascar violent, rushing, impetuous. Ilk. ascar (cf. river-name Askar).

SKAT- break asunder. Q hat-, pa.t. hante; terhat- break apart.

SKEL- *skelma: Q helma skin, fell. N helf fur, heleth fur, fur-coat. *skelna naked: Q helda; ON skhella, N hell. helta (skelta-) strip.

SKWAR- crooked. Q hwarin crooked; hwarma crossbar. Dan. swarn perverse, obstructive, hard to deal with.

SKYAP- *skyapat- shore: Q hyapat; ON skhapa, pl. skhapati; N habad shore (pl. hebeid).

SLIG- *sligne, *slinge: N thling spider, spider's web, cobweb. Q line cobweb; N thlingril [r uncertain] spider. Q lia fine thread, spider filament (*liga); N thle, Q liante spider. Cf. Ungoliante [UNG], N Deldu-thling [DOƷ, DYEL].

SLIN- *slindi fine, delicate. Q linda 'fair' is blended with *linda sweet-sounding [see LIND]. N thlinn, thlind fine, slender; thlein (pl. thlin) = *slinya lean, thin, meagre.

SLIW- sickly. *sliwe sickness: Q live, ON sliwe, thliwe, N thliw later fliw. *slaiwa sickly, sick, ill; Q laiwa, ON slaiwa, thlaiwa, N thlaew [> thloew] later flaew.

SLUK- swallow. [No forms given.]

SLUS-, SRUS- whisper. N thloss (floss) or thross a whisper or rustling sound; Q lusse a whispering sound, lussa- to whisper.

SMAG- soil, stain. N maw (*maga) soil, stain, mael (*magla) stain and adj. stained. [N maw and mael changed to hmas and hmael; see note to SMAL.]

SMAL- yellow. *smalina: Q, ON malina yellow, N malen (pl. melin). *smalda: Q malda gold (as metal), ON malda, N malt; N malthen (analogical for mallen) of gold. Cf. Melthinorn, older Mellinorn. *smalu pollen, yellow powder: Q malo, ON malo (pl. malui), N mal, pl. meil or mely. *smahva fallow, pale: Q malwa, N malw. *asmale, *asmalinde yellow bird, 'yellow hammer': Q ammale, ambale; ON ammale, ammalinde, N em(m)elin, emlin. [I give this entry as it was before it became confused by later changes in the phonology of initial sm- (ON retained sm-, and the N words have (h)m-); these were not carried through consistently. - Melthinorn 'tree of gold' is found in the list of names of the Trees in QS.]

SNAR- tie. Q narda knot; N nard.

SNAS-, SNAT- ? Q nasta spear-head, point, gore, triangle (cf. NAS); Dan. snaes. N naith (natsai pl.?) gore. [Cf. the Naith of Lothlorien. The question-mark is followed by a drawing of an arrow-head.]

SNEW- entangle. Q neuma snare; ON numa, N nu noose, snare. [The N forms were changed to sniuma and snyma; hniof (pl. hnyf) and hnuif. See note to SMAL.]

SNUR- twist. N norn twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted; nord cord.

SOL- Q solor (*solos) surf, cf. Solonel, pl. Soloneldi = Teleri. This is a Telerin form, cf. Fallinel, and cf. pure Q Solonyeldi [see NYEL].

SPAL-, SPALAS- variants of PHAL, PHALAS, q.v.

SPAN- white. Q fanya, fana cloud. N fein white, faun cloud (*spana); T spania; Dan. spenna. Cf. Fanyamar upper air; Spanturo 'lord of cloud', Q Fantur surname of Mandos (Nurufantur, N Gurfannor 'lord of Death-cloud') and of his brother Lorien (Olofantur, N Olfannor 'lord of Dream-cloud'); N pl. i-Fennyr or Fennir = Lorien and Mandos [see NGUR, or.os]. (Confused in N with PHAY, q.v.) [The beginning of this entry was first written fanya 'cloud'; 'cloud' was struck through, and fana added, with meanings 'white' and 'cloud', but it is not clear how they are to be applied. - For Fanyamar see the Ambarkanta. - I do not think that this association of the Fanturi with 'cloud' is found anywhere else.]

SPANAG- *spanga: Q fanga; T spanga; ON sphanga beard; N fang, cf. An(d)fang [ANAD] Longbeard, one of the tribes of Dwarves (pl. Enfeng). Cf. Tinfang 'Starbeard', name of an Elvish piper; Ulfang [ULUG].

SPAR- hunt, pursue. ON (s)pharobe hunt, (s)pharasse hunt(ing); EN faras hunting (cf. Taur-na-Faras); feredir hunter (pl. faradrim); faro to hunt. Elfaron 'star-hunter', Moon.

SPAY- despise, contemn. Q faika contemptible, mean. N foeg mean, poor, bad.

SPIN- *spinde tress, braid of hair: Q finde, ON sphinde lock of hair; sphindele (braided) hair; N findel, finnel, cf. Glorfindel. Cf. spine larch, Q fine.

SRIP- scratch. N thribi to scratch.

STAB- *stabne, *stambe: Q sambe room, chamber; samna wooden post. ON stabne, sthamne; N thafn post, wooden pillar; tham, thamb hall. Q kaimasan, pl. kaimasambi bedchamber [KAY]. N thambas, thamas great hall. *stabno, *stabro carpenter, wright, builder: Q samno; ON sthabro(ndo), N thavron; Ilk. thavon.

STAG. press, compress. *stanga: Q sanga crowd, throng, press, N thang compulsion, duress, need, oppression; cf. Thangorodrim (the mountains of duress). Cf. sangahyando 'throng-cleaver' (swordname), N *havathang, dissimilated to havathang, hadafang [see SYAD].

STAK- split, insert. *stanka, *stakna: Q sanka cleft, split; ON sthanka, N thanc, cf. LHamthanc 'forked tongue', serpent-name [LAB]. ON nestak- insert, stick in, EN nestegi, pa.t. nestanc.

STAL- steep. Ilk. thall (*stalre) steep, falling steeply (of river), thalos torrent (also a proper name) [the river Thalos in Ossiriand].

STALAG- *stalga stalwart, steady, firm: T stalga; ON sthalga, N thala, cf. thalion (*stalgondo) hero, dauntless man (pl. thelyn), especially as surname of Hurin Thalion.

STAN- fix, decide. Cf. Q sanda firm, true, abiding; N thenid, thenin. Q sanye rule, law; sanya regular, law-abiding, normal.

STAR- stiff. Q sara stiff dry grass, bent; N thar stiff grass; tharas hassock, footstool; gwa-star hummock [wo]. ON stharna sapless, stiff, rigid, withered; N tharn; not in Q since it would coalesce with *sarna of stone [SAR].

STARAN- Cf. Ilk. thron stiff, hard (*starana); cf. thron-ding in Balthronding name of Beleg's bow. [Under stems BEL and DING the name is written Bel-.]

STELEG- N thela point (of spear); egthel, ecthel, cf. Ecthelion (see EK). [An illegible word after ecthel may read 'same', i.e. the same meaning as thela.]

STINTA- short. Q sinta; ON sthinta, N thent. N thinnas 'shortness', name of mark indicating short quality of vowel.

SUD- base, ground. sundo base, root, root-word. [A hasty later addition.]

SULUK- Q sulka; ON sulkha, N solch root (especially as edible).

SUK- drink. Q sukin I drink. N sogo, sg. sog, pa.t. sunc, asogant (sogennen); N suth draught, Q suhto; N sautha- drain. *sukma drinking-vessel; Q sungwa; Ilk. saum. Variant SUG- in *suglu: Q sulo goblet, N sul.

SUS- hiss. surya spirant consonant. [Later addition with SUD and SAM.]

SWAD- *swanda: Q hwan (hwandi) sponge, fungus; N chwand, chwann, hwand.

SWES- noise of blowing or breathing. *swesta-: Q hwesta- to puff; hwesta breath, breeze, puff of air: ON hwesta, N chwest puff, breath, breeze.

SWIN- whirl, eddy. Q hwinya- to swirl, eddy, gyrate; hwinde eddy, whirlpool. N chwinio twirl, whirl, eddy; chwind, chwinn adj.; chwin giddiness, faintness; chwiniol whirling, giddy, fantastic.

SYAD. shear through, cleave. Q hyarin I cleave. *syadno, *syando 'cleaver', sword; cf. *stangasyando = Q sangahyando 'throng-cleaver' (sword-name) (see STAG). In N lost owing to coalescence with KHAD [a stem not given in the Etymologies], except in + had [....] (*syada), cf. hadafang (for hadathang) = Q sangahyando; hasto hack through, from hast axe-stroke (*syad-ta). Cf. Q hyatse cleft, gash (*syadse > syatse), and N hathel (*syatsela) broadsword-blade, or axe-blade. [The illegible word would most naturally be interpreted as 'throng', but this obviously cannot be the case (or cannot have been intended.).]

SYAL- *syalma: Q hyalma shell, conch, horn of Ulmo. N half seashell.