The Etymologies IX

RAB- *raba wild, untamed: Q rava, N rhaw wilderness. [Q rava and N rhaw with wholly different meaning are also derivatives from stem RAMBA, and N rhaw appears in a third sense under RAW.]

RAD- back, return. Dor. radhon east (cf. nivon forward = west [NIB]); Radhrim East-march (part of Doriath); Radhrost East-vale, land of Cranthir under Blue Mountains [Ros(2)]. *randa cycle, age (100 Valian Years): Q, ON randa; N anrand.

RAG- *ragna: ON ragna crooked, N rhaen.

RAK- stretch out, reach. *ranku: Q ranko arm, pl. ranqi; ON ranko, pl. rankui; N rhanc, pl. (archaic) rhengy, usually rhenc, arm. *rakme fathom: Q rangwe; ON ragme, N rhaew.

RAM. *rama: Q rama wing, cf. Earrame 'Sea-wing' [Av], name of Tuor's ship. N rhenio (*ramya-) fly, sail, wander (cf. RAN), rhofal pinion, great wing (of eagle), pl. rhofel (*ramale); rhafn wing (horn), extended point at side, etc. (*ramna). [With rhofal cf. 'wide-winged Lhandroval' in QS; for the first element see LAD.]

RAMBA- Q ramba wall, cf. Ilurambar; N rhamb, rham, cf. Andram 'Long Walls' [ANAD] in Beleriand. Q rava bank, especially of a river; N rhaw [see RAB, RAW].

RAN- wander, stray. *Rana: Q Rana Moon, N Rhan. Q ranya- to stray, N rhenio (cf. RAM); Q rane straying, wandering, ranen errant; N rhaun, [added later:] N rhandir wanderer, pilgrim.

RAS- stick up (intr.). Q rasse horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains); N rhaes, rhasg; cf. Caradras = Redhorn [KARAN]. [This entry was an addition at the end of the list. The N words and the reference to Caradras were scribbled in still later.]

RASAT- twelve. [No other forms are given.]

RAT- walk. *rata: N rad path, track; rado to make a way, find a way; ath-rado to cross, traverse [AT(AT)]; athrad crossing, ford, cf. Sarn Athrad. *ratta: ON rattha course, river-bed, N rath (cf. Rathloriel) [LAWAR]. ostrad a street. [Added:] rant lode, vein; Celebrant river-name. Ilk. rant flow, course of river.

RAUTA- metal. Q, ON rauta; N rhaud, cf. -rod in names Finrod, Angrod, Damrod (see PHIN, ANGA, NDAM). [The original meaning of RAUTA was given as 'copper', changed to 'metal'; cf. Nambarauto (Damrod) 'hammerer of copper' under NDAM.]

RAW- *rau: Q ra (pl. ravi) lion; ON ro (pl. rowi), N rhaw (pl. rhui). [Distinct N words rhaw appear under RAB and RAMBA.]

RAYAK- Q raika crooked, bent, wrong; N rhoeg wrong.

RED- (Cf. ERED) scatter, sow. Q rerin I sow, pa.t. rende; N rhedi to sow. ? redda 'sown', sown field, acre.

REG- edge, border, margin. Q rena. N rhein, rhain border; edrein.

REP- bend, hook. rempa crooked, hooked.

RI- Q rima edge, hem, border. Dor. rim (as in Nivrim [NIB], Radhrim [RAD]); N rhif.

RIG- Q rie crown (*rige); rina crowned (cf. Tinwerina); ON rige, N rhi crown. Cf. Rhian name of a woman, = 'crown-gift', rig-anna [ANA(1)]; N rhin crowned; rhis queen.

RIK(H)- jerk, sudden move, flirt. Q rihta- jerk, give quick twist or move, twitch. *rinki: Q rinke flourish, quick shake. N rhitho jerk, twitch, snatch; rhinc twitch, jerk, trick, sudden move.

RIL- glitter (cf. SIL., THIL, GIL). Q rilma glittering light; nlya glittering, brilliance. Cf. Silmarille, Silmaril (pl. Silmarilli), N Silevril (*silimarille).

RIM- *rimba: Q rimba frequent, numerous; ON rimba, N rhemb, rhem. *rimbe crowd, host; Q, ON rimbe, N rhimb, rhim - often as pl. -rim [see LI].

RIN- Q rinde circle, rinda circular. N rhind, rhinn circle; idrind, idrin year [YEN]; rhinn circular; rhingorn circle [KOR].

RINGI- cold. Q ringe; ON ringe, N rhing; cf. Ringil name of one of the great Lamps (pillared on ice), also of Fingolfin's sword. Q ringe cold pool or lake (in mountains); Dor. ring, N rhimb, rhim, as in Mith-rim.

RIP- rush, fly, Ring. Q rimpa rushing, flying; N rhib-, rhimp, rhimmo to flow like a [? torrent]; river-name Rhibdath, Rhimdath 'Rushdown'. [This entry was a hasty scribbled addition at the end of the R-stems.]

RIS- slash, rip. ON rista- rend, rip; N risto. Cf. Orchrist sword-name. [This entry was left unchanged, but a second form of it was added later without reference to the first:] RIS. Cf. KIRIS, cut, cleave. *rista-: Q rista- cut; rista a cut, N rhisto, rhest; Ilk. rest, cf. Eglorest, ghyll or ravine made by the river Eglor [see ELED] at its mouth, name of town there. *risse-: N rhis, rhess a ravine, as in Imladris.

RO- (form of ORO, q.v.) rise. Q romen (see MEN) east, romenya eastern; rona east; contrast NDU 'down'. ON nina east, N rhun, amrun (cf. dun, annun); + rhufen east. Cf. name El-run. [El-run was an addition. See note to BARATH.]

ROD- cave. Q rondo cave; N rhond, rhonn, cf. Nargothrond, othrond (see os). Dor. roth, pl. rodhin, as in Meneg-roth is probably from roda > rodh > roth. Cf. ON rauda hollow, cavernous, N rhaud. ON rostobe to hollow out, excavate, N rosto. In Ilkorin rond = domed roof, hence Elrond (vault of heaven) [EL], name of Earendel's son.

ROK- Q rokko horse; N roch horse.

ROM- (Cf. OROM and Orome, Araw) loud noise, horn-blast, etc. Q romba horn, trumpet; ON romba, N rhom. Q roma loud sound, trumpet-sound; ON ruma, N + rhu in rhomru sound of horns.

ROS'- distil, drip. Q rosse fine rain, dew. N rhoss rain, cf. name Celebros Silver-rain of a waterfall. Silivros = Q Silmerosse, name of Silpion. [Both Silivros and Silmerosse are found in the list of the names of the Trees in QS. Celebros is translated 'Silver Rain' in AB (previously 'Foam-silver', 'Silver Foam').]

ROS(2)- Dor. rost plain, wide land between mountains; cf. Nivrost [NIB], Radhrost [RAD].

ROY'- chase. *ronyo 'chaser', hound of chase: Q ronyo, N rhyn. Q roita- pursue; raime hunt, hunting; N rhui(w).

ROY'- (N GROJ-) ruddy, red. Q roina ruddy; N gruin. [This second stem ROY was put in very rapidly at the end of the R-stems and without any reference to the former.]

RUD- *runda: Q runda rough piece of wood; ON runda, N grond club; cf. Grond name of Melko's mace, and name Celebrond 'Silvermace'.

RUK- demon. Q rauko demon, malarauko (*ngwalarauko, cf. NGWAL); N rhaug, Balrog.

RUN- flat of hand or sole of foot. Q runya slot, footprint; tallune (*talrunya) sole of foot, N telloein, tellen [TAL]. N rhoein, rhein slot, spoor, track, footprint.

RUS- flash, glitter of metal. Q russe corruscation, + sword-blade; ON russe polished metal (N + rhoss chiefly found in names as Maedhros [MAD], Findros, Celebros etc., owing to coalescence with ROS(1)).

RUSKA- ON ruska, N rhosc brown.