The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Сочинение. Другое.
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Samuel Clemens was
born in Missouri in 1835. He grew up in the town of Hannibal, Missouri, which
would become the model for St. Petersburg, the fictional town where Huckleberry
Finn begins. Missouri was a "slave state" during this period, and
Clemens' family owned a few slaves. In Missouri, most slaves worked as domestic
servants, rather than on the large agricultural plantations that most slaves
elsewhere in the United States experienced. This domestic slavery is what Twain
generally describes in Huckleberry Finn, even when the action occurs in the
deep South. The institution of slavery figures prominently in the novel and is
important in developing both the theme and the two most important characters,
Huck and Jim.
Twain received a
brief formal education, before going to work as an apprentice in a print shop.
He would later find work on a steamboat on the Mississippi River. Twain
developed a lasting afiection for the Mississippi and life on a steamboat, and
would immortalize both in Life on the Mississippi (1883), and in certain scenes
of Tom Sawyer (1876), and Huckleberry Finn (1885). He took his pseudonym,
"Mark Twain," from the call a steamboat worker would make when the
ship reached a (safe) depth of two fathoms. Twain would go on to work as a
journalist in San Francisco and Nevada in the 1860s. He soon discovered his
talent as a humorist, and by 1865 his humorous stories were attracting national
attention.
In 1870, Twain
married Olivia Langdon of New York State. The family moved to Hartford,
Connecticut, to a large, ornate house paid for with the royalties from Twain's
successful literary adventures. At Hartford and during stays with Olivia's
family in New York State, Twain wrote The Gilded Age, co-authored with Charles
Dudley Warner in 1873 and The Prince and the Pauper (1882), as well as the two
books already mentioned. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was finally published
in 1885. Twain had begun the book years earlier, but the writing was done in
spurts of inspiration interrupted by long periods during which the manuscript
sat in the author's desk. Despite the economic crisis that plagued the United
States then, the book became a huge popular and financial success. It would
become a classic of American literature and receive acclaim around the
world{today it has been published in at least twenty-seven languages.
Still, at the time
of publication, the author was bothered by the many bad reviews it received in
the national press. The book was principally attacked for its alleged
indecency. After the 1950s, the chief attacks on the book would be against its
alleged racism or racial bigotry. For various reasons, the book frequently has
been banned from US schools and children's libraries, though it was never
really intended as a children's book. Nonetheless, the book has been widely
read ever since its first publication well over a century ago, an exception to
Twain's definition of a classic as "a book which people praise and don't
read."
Huckleberry Finn {
The protagonist and narrator of the novel. Huck is the thirteen or fourteen
year-old son of the local drunk in the town of St. Petersburg, Missouri, at the
start of the novel. He is kidnapped by his father, Pap, from the
"sivilizing" in uence of the Widow Douglas and Miss Watson, and then
fakes his own death to escape. He meets Jim on Jackson's Island. The rest of the
novel is largely motivated by two conflicts: the external con ict to achieve
Jim's freedom, and the internal con ict within Huck between his own sense of
right and wrong and society's. Huck has a series of "adventures,"
making many observations on human nature and the South as he does. He
progressively rejects the values of the dominant society and matures morally as
he does. Jim { A slave who escaped from Miss Watson after she considered
selling him down river. He encounters Huck on Jackson's Island, and the two become
friends and spend most of the rest of the novel together. Jim deeply grieves
his separation from his wife and two children and dreams of getting them back.
He is an intensely human character, perhaps the novel's most complex. Through
his example, Huck learns to appreciate the humanity of black people, overcoming
his society's bigotry and making a break with its moral code. Twain also uses
him to demonstrate racial equality. But Jim himself remains somewhat enigmatic;
he seems both comrade and father figure to Huck, though Huck, the youthful
narrator, may not be able to thoroughly evaluate his friend, and so the reader
has to suppose some of his qualities.
The Duke and
Dauphin { These two criminals appear for much of the novel. Their real names
are never given, but the younger man, about thirty years old, claims to be the
Duke of Bridgewater, and is called both "the Duke" and
"Bridgewater" in the novel, though for the sake of clarity, he is
only called "the Duke" here. The much older man claims to be the son
of Louis XVI, the executed French king. "Dauphin" was the title given
to heirs to the French throne. He is mostly called "the king" in the
novel (since his father is dead, he would be the rightful king), though he is
called "the Dauphin" in this study guide since the name is more
distinctive. The two show themselves to be truly bad when they separate a slave
family at the Wilks household, and later sell Jim.
Tom Sawyer { Huck's
friend, and the protagonist of Tom Sawyer, the novel for which Huckleberry Finn
is ostensibly the sequel. He is in many ways Huck's foil, given to exotic plans
and romantic adventure literature, while Huck is more down-to-earth. He also
turns out to be profoundly selfish.
On the whole, Tom
is identified with the "civilzation" from which Huck is alienated.
Other characters, in order of appearance Widow Douglas and Miss Watson { Two
wealthy sisters who live together in a large house in St. Petersburg. Miss
Watson is the older sister, gaunt and severe-looking. She also adheres the strongest
to the hypocritical religious and ethical values of the dominant society. Widow
Douglas, meanwhile, is somewhat gentler in her beliefs and has more patience
with the mischievous Huckleberry. She adopted Huck at the end of the last
novel, Tom Sawyer, and he is in her care at the start of Huckleberry Finn. When
Miss Watson considers selling Jim down to New Orleans, away from his wife and
children and deep into the plantation system, Jim escapes. She eventually
repents, making provision in her will for Jim to be freed, and dies two months
before the novel ends.
Pap { Huckleberry's
father and the town drunk and ne'er- do-well. When he appears at the beginning
of the novel, he is a human wreck, his skin a disgusting ghost-like white, and
his clothes hopelessly tattered. Like Huck, he is a member of the least
privileged class of whites, and is illiterate. He is angry that his son is
getting an education. He wants to get hold of Huck's money, presumably to spend
it on alcohol. He kidnaps Huck and holds him deep in the woods. When Huck fakes
his own murder, Pap is nearly lynched when suspicions turn his way. But he
escapes, and Jim eventually finds his dead body on an abandoned houseboat.
Judge Thatcher {
Judge Thatcher is in charge of safeguarding the money Huck and Tom won at the
end of Tom Sawyer. When Huck discovers his father has come to town, he wisely
signs his fortune over to the Judge. Judge Thatcher has a daughter, Becky, whom
Huck calls "Bessie."
Aunt Polly { Tom
Sawyer's aunt and guardian. She appears at the end of Huckleberry Finn and
properly identifies Huck, who has pretended to be Tom; and Tom, who has
pretended to be his brother, Sid (who never appears in this novel).
The Grangerfords {
The master of the Grangerford clan is "Colonel"Grangerford, who has a
wife. The children are Bob, the oldest, then Tom, then Charlotte, aged twenty-
five, Sophia, twenty, and Buck, the youngest, about thirteen or fourteen. They
also had a deceased daughter, Emme- line, who made unintentionally humorous,
maudlin pictures and poems for the dead. Huckleberry thinks the Grangerfords
are all physically beautiful. They live on a large estate worked by many
slaves. Their house is decked out in humorously tacky finery that Huckleberry
innocently admires. The Grangerfords are in a feud with the Shepardsons, though
no one can remember the cause of the feud or see any real reason to continue
it. When Sophia runs off with a Shepardson, the feud reignites, and Buck and
another boy are shot. With the Grangerfords and the Shepardsons, Twain
illustrates the bouts of irrational brutality to which the South was prone.
The Wilks Family {
The deceased Peter Wilks has three daughters, Mary Jane, Susan, and Joanne
(whom Huck calls "the Harelip"). Mary Jane, the oldest, takes charge
of the sisters' afiairs. She is beautiful and kind- hearted, but easily
swindled by the Duke and Dauphin. Susan is the next youngest. Joanna possess a
cleft palate (a birth defect) and so Huck somewhat tastelessly refers to her as
"the Hare Lip" (another name for cleft palate). She initially
suspects Huck and the Duke and Dauphin, but eventually falls for the scheme
like the others.
The Phelps family {
The Phelps family includes Aunt Sally, Uncle Silas and their children. They
also own several slaves. Sally and Silas are generally kind-hearted, and Silas
in particular is a complete innocent. Tom and Huck are able to continue playing
pranks on them for quite some time before they suspect anything is wrong.
Sally, however, displays a chilling level of bigotry toward blacks, which many
of her fellow Southerners likely share. The town
in which they live
also cruelly kills the Duke and Dauphin. With the Phelps, Twain contrasts the
good side of Southern civilization with its bad side.
Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn was finally published in 1885. Twain had begun the book years
earlier, but the writing was done in spurts of inspiration interrupted by long
periods during which the manuscript sat in the author's desk. Despite the
economic crisis that plagued the United States then, the book became a huge
popular and financial success. It would become a classic of American literature
and receive acclaim around the world{today it has been published in at least
twenty-seven languages.
Still, at the time
of publication, the author was bothered by the many bad reviews it received in
the national press. The book was principally attacked for its alleged
indecency. After the 1950s, the chief attacks on the book would be against its
alleged racism or racial bigotry. For various reasons, the book frequently has
been banned from US schools and children's libraries, though it was never
really intended as a children's book. Nonetheless, the book has been widely
read ever since its first publication well over a century ago, an exception to
Twain's definition of a classic as "a book which people praise and don't
read."
The narrator (later
identified as Huckleberry Finn) begins Chapter One by stating that the reader
may know of him from another book, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by "Mr.
Mark Twain," but it "ain't t no matter" if you have not.
According to Huck, Twain mostly told the truth, with some
"stretchers" thrown in, though everyone{except Tom's Aunt Polly, the
widow, and maybe Mary{lies once in a while. The other book ended with Tom and
Huckleberry finding the gold some robbers had hidden in a cave. They got six
thousand dollars apiece, which Judge Thatcher put in trust, so that they each
got a dollar a day from interest. The Widow Douglas adopted and tried to "civilise"
Huck. But Huck couldn't stand it so he threw on his old rags and ran away. But
he went back when Tom Sawyer told him he could join his new band of robbers if
he would return to the Widow "and be respectable."
The Widow lamented
over her failure with Huck, tried to stufi him into cramped clothing, and
before every meal had to "grumble" over the food before they could
eat it. She tried to teach him about Moses, until Huck found out he was dead
and lost interest. Meanwhile, she would not let him smoke; typically, she
disapproved of it because she had never tried it, but approved of snufi since
she used it herself. Her slim sister who wears glasses, Miss Watson, tried to
give him spelling lessons.
Meanwhile, Huck was
going stir-crazy, made especially restless by the sisters' constant reminders
to improve his behavior. When Miss Watson told him about the "bad
place," Hell, he burst out that he would like to go there, as a change of
scenery. Secretly, Huck really does not see the point in going to "the good
place" and resolved then not to bother trying to get there.
When Huck asked,
Miss Watson told him there was no chance Tom Sawyer would end up in Heaven.
Huck was glad "because I wanted him and me to be together." One
night, after Miss Watson's prayer session with him and the slaves, Huck goes to
bed feeling "so lonesome I wished I was dead." He gets shivers
hearing the sounds of nature through his window. Huck accidentally icks a
spider into a candle, and is frightened by the bad omen. Just after midnight,
Huck hears movement below the window, and a "me-yow" sound, that he
responds to with another "me-yow." Climbing out the window onto the
shed, Huck finds Tom Sawyer waiting for him.
Huck and Tom tiptoe
through the garden. Huck trips on a root as he passes the kitchen. Jim, a
"big" slave, hears him from inside. Tom and Huck crouch down, trying
to stay still. But Huck is struck by an uncontrollable itch, as always happens
when he is in a situation, like when he's "with the quality," where
it is bad to scratch. Jim says aloud that he will stay put until he discovers
the source of the sound, but after several minutes falls asleep. Tom plays a
trick on Jim{putting his hat on a tree branch over his head{and takes candles
from the kitchen, over Huck's objections that they will risk getting caught.
Later, Jim will say that some witches ew him around the state and put the hat
above his head as a calling card. He expands the tale further, becoming a local
celebrity among the slaves, who enjoy witch stories. He wears around his neck
the five-cent piece Tom left for the candles, calling it a charm from the devil
with the power to cure sickness. Jim nearly becomes so stuck-up from his
newfound celebrity that he is unfit to be a servant.
Meanwhile, Tom and
Huck meet up with a few other boys, and take a boat to a large cave. There, Tom
declares his new band of robbers, "Tom Sawyer's Gang." All must sign
in blood an oath vowing, among other things, to kill the family of any member
who reveals the gang's secrets. The boys think it "a real beautiful
oath." Tom admits he got part of it from books. The boys nearly disqualify
Huck, who has no family but a drunken father who can never be found, until Huck
offers Miss Watson. Tom says the gang must capture and ransom people, though
nobody knows what "ransom" means.
Tom assumes it
means to kill them. But anyway, it must be done since all the books say so.
When one boy cries to go home and threatens to tell the group's secrets, Tom
bribes him with five cents. They agree to meet again someday, just not Sunday,
which would be blasphemous. Huckleberry makes it back into bed just before
dawn.
Miss Watson tries
to explain prayer to Huckleberry in Chapter Three. Huckleberry gives up on it
after not getting what he prays for. Miss Watson calls him a fool, and explains
prayer bestows spiritual gifts like sel essness to help others. Huck cannot see
any advantage in this, except for the others one helps. So he resolves to forget
it. Widow Douglas describes a wonderful God, while Miss Watson's is terrible.
Huck concludes there are two Gods. He would like to belong to Widow Douglas's,
if He would take him – unlikely because of Huck's bad qualities.
Meanwhile, a rumor
circulates that Huck's Pap, who has not been seen in a year, is dead. A corpse
was found in the river, thought to be Pap because of its "ragged"
appearance, though the face is unrecognizable. At first Huck is relieved. His
father had been a drunk who beat him when he was sober, though Huck stayed
hidden from him most of the time. Soon, however, Huck doubts his father's
death, and expects to see him again.
After a month in
Tom's gang, Huck quit along with the rest of the boys. There was no point to
it, without any robbery or killing, their activities being all pretend. Once,
Tom pretended a caravan of Arabs and Spaniards were going to encamp nearby with
hundreds of camels and elephants. It turned out to be a Sunday school picnic.
Tom explained it really was a caravan of Arabs and Spaniards - only they were
enchanted, like in Don Quixote. Huckleberry judged Tom's stories of genies to
be lies, after rubbing old lamps and rings with no result.
In Chapter Four,
Huckleberry is gradually adjusting to his new life, and even making small
progress in school. One winter morning, Huck notices boot tracks in the snow
near the house. Within one heel print is the shape of two nails crossed to ward
off the devil. Huck runs to Judge Thatcher, looking over his shoulder as he
does. He sells his fortune to the surprised Judge for a dollar. That night Huck
goes to Jim, who has a magical giant hairball from an ox's stomach. Huck tells
Jim he found Pap's tracks in the snow and wants to know what his father wants.
Jim says the hairball needs money to talk, and so Huck gives a counterfeit
quarter. Jim puts his ear to the hairball, and relates that Huck's father has
two angels, one black and one white, one bad, one good. It is uncertain which
will win out. But Huck is safe for now. He will have much happiness and much
sorrow in his life, will marry a poor and then a rich woman, and should stay
clear of the water, since that is where he will die. That night, Huck finds Pap
waiting in his bedroom!
Pap's long, greasy,
black hair hangs over his face. The nearly fifty-year-old man's skin is a
ghastly, disgusting white. Noticing Huck's "starchy" clothes, Pap
wonders aloud if he thinks himself better than his father, promising to take
him "down a peg." Pap promises to teach Widow Douglas not to
"meddle" and make a boy "put on airs over his own father."
Pap is outraged that Huck has become the first person in his family to learn to
read. He threatens Huck not to go near the school again. He asks Huck if he is
really rich, as he has heard, and calls him a liar when he says he has no more
money.
He takes the dollar
Huck got from Judge Thatcher. He leaves to get whiskey, and the next day,
drunk, demands Huck's money from Judge Thatcher. The Judge and Widow Douglas
try to get custody of Huck, but give up after the new judge in town refuses to
separate a father from his son. Pap lands in jail after a drunken spree. The
new judge takes Pap into his home and tries to reform him. Pap tearfully
repents his ways but soon gets drunk again. The new judge decides Pap cannot be
reformed except with a shotgun.
Pap sues Judge
Thatcher for Huck's fortune. He also continues to threaten Huck about attending
school, which Huck does partly to spite his father. Pap goes on one drunken
binge after another. One day he kidnaps Huck and takes him deep into the woods,
to a secluded cabin on the Illinois shore. He locks Huck inside all day while
he goes out. Huck enjoys being away from civilization again, though he does not
like his father's beatings and his drinking. Eventually, Huck finds an old saw
hidden away. He slowly makes a hole in the wall while his father is away,
resolved to escape from both Pap and the Widow Douglas. But Pap returns as Huck
is about to finish. He complains about the "govment," saying Judge Thatcher
has delayed the trial to prevent Pap from getting Huck's wealth. He has heard
his chances are good, though he will probably lose the fight for custody of
Huck. He further rails against a biracial black visitor to the town. The
visitor is well dressed, university- educated, and not at all deferential. Pap
is disgusted that the visitor can vote in his home state, and that legally he
cannot be sold into slavery until he has been in the state six months. Later,
Pap wakes from a drunken sleep and chases after Huck with a knife, calling him
the "Angel of Death," stopping when he collapses in sleep. Huck holds
the ri e against his sleeping father and waits.
Huck falls asleep,
to be awakened by Pap, who is unaware of the night's events. Pap sends Huck out
to check for fish. Huck finds a canoe drifting in the river and hides it in the
woods. When Pap leaves for the day, Huck finishes sawing his way out of the
cabin. He puts food, cookware, everything of value in the cabin, into the canoe.
He covers up the hole in the wall and then shoots a wild pig. He hacks down the
cabin door, hacks the pig to bleed onto the cabin's dirt oor, and makes other
preparations so that it seems robbers came and killed him. Huck goes to the
canoe and waits for the moon to rise, resolving to canoe to Jackson's Island,
but falls asleep. When he wakes he sees Pap row by. Once he has passed, Huck
quietly sets out down river. He pulls into Jackson's Island, careful not to be
seen.
The next morning in
Chapter Eight, a boat passes by with Pap, Judge and Becky Thatcher, Tom Sawyer,
his Aunt Polly, some of Huck's young friends, and "plenty more" on
board, all discussing the murder. They shoot cannon over the water and oat
loaves of bread with mercury inside, in hopes of locating Huck's corpse. Huck,
careful not to be seen, catches a loaf and eats it.
Exploring the
island, Huck is delighted to find Jim, who at first thinks Huck is a ghost. Now
Huck won't be lonely anymore. Huck is shocked when Jim explains he ran away.
Jim overheard Miss Watson discussing selling him for eight hundred dollars, to
a slave trader who would take him to New Orleans. He left before she had a
chance to decide. Jim displays a great knowledge of superstition. He tells Huck
how he once "speculated" ten dollars in (live)stock, but lost most of
it when the steer died. He then lost five dollars in a failed slave start-up
bank. He gave his last ten cents to a slave, who gave it away after a preacher
told him that charity repays itself one-hundred-fold. It didn't. But Jim still
has his hairy arms and chest, a portent of future wealth. He also now owns all
eight-hundred- dollars' worth of himself.
In Chapter Nine,
Jim and Huck take the canoe and provisions into the large cavern in the middle
of the island, to have a hiding place in case of visitors, and to protect their
things. Jim predicted it would rain, and soon it downpours, with the two safely
inside the cavern. The river oods severely.
A washed-out houseboat oats down the river
past the island. Jim and Huck find a man's body inside, shot in the back. Jim
prevents Huck from looking at the face; it's too "ghastly." They make
off with some odds and ends. Huck has Jim hide in the bottom of the canoe so he
won't be seen. They make it back safely to the cave.
In Chapter Ten,
Huck wonders about the dead man, though Jim warns it's bad luck. Sure enough,
bad luck comes: as a joke, Huck puts a dead rattlesnake near Jim's sleeping
place, and its mate comes and bites Jim. Jim's leg swells, but after four days
it goes down. A while later, Huck decides to go ashore and to find out what's
new. Jim agrees, but has Huck disguise himself as a girl, with one of the
dresses they took from the houseboat.
Huck practices his
girl impersonation, then sets out for the Illinois shore. In a formerly
abandoned shack, he finds a woman who looks forty, and also appears a newcomer.
Huck is relieved she is a newcomer, since she will not be able to recognize
him.
The woman eyes
Huckleberry somewhat suspiciously as she lets him in. Huck introduces himself
as "Sarah Williams," from Hookerville. The woman "clatters
on," eventually getting to Huck's murder. She reveals that Pap was
suspected and nearly lynched, but people came to suspect Jim, since he ran away
the same day Huck was killed. There is a three- hundred-dollar price on Jim's
head. But soon, suspicions turned again to Pap, after he blew money the judge
gave him to find Jim on drink. But he left town before he could be lynched, and
now there is two hundred dollars on his head. The woman has noticed smoke over
on Jackson's Island, and, suspecting that Jim might be hiding there, told her
husband to look. He will go there tonight with another man and a gun. The woman
looks at Huck suspiciously and asks his name.
He replies,
"Mary Williams." When the woman asks about the change, he covers
himself, saying his full name is "Sarah Mary Williams." She has him
try to kill a rat by pitching a lump of lead at it, and he nearly hits.
Finally, she asks him to reveal his (male) identity, saying she understands
that he is a runaway apprentice and will not turn him in. He says his name is
George Peters, and he was indeed apprenticed to a mean farmer. She lets him go
after quizzing him on farm subjects, to make sure he's telling the truth. She
tells him to send for her, Mrs. Judith Loftus, if he has trouble. Back at the
island, Huck tells Jim they must shove off, and they hurriedly pack their
things and slowly ride out on a raft they had found.
Huck and Jim build
a wigwam on the raft in Chapter Twelve. They spend a number of days drifting
down river, passing the great lights of St. Louis on the fifth night. They
"lived pretty high," buying, "borrowing", or hunting food
as they need it. One night they come upon a wreaked steamship. Over Jim's
objections, Huck goes onto the wreck, to loot it and have an
"adventure," the way Tom Sawyer would. On the wreck, Huck overhears
two robbers threatening to kill a third so that he won't "talk."
One of the two
manages to convince the other to let their victim be drowned with the wreck.
They leave. Huck finds Jim and says they have to cut the robbers' boat loose so
they can't escape. Jim says that their own raft has broken loose and oated
away. Huck and Jim head for the robbers' boat in Chapter Thirteen. The robbers
put some booty in the boat, but leave to get some more money off the man on the
steamboat. Jim and Huck jump right into the boat and head off as quietly as
possible. A few hundred yards safely away, Huck feels bad for the robbers left stranded
on the wreck since, who knows, he may end up a robber himself someday. They
find their raft just before they stop for Huck to go ashore for help. Ashore,
Huck finds a ferry watchman, and tells him his family is stranded on the
steamboat wreck. The watchman tell him the wreck is of the Walter Scott. Huck
invents an elaborate story as to how his family got on the wreck, including the
niece of a local big shot among them, so that the man is more than happy to
take his ferry to help. Huck feels good about his good deed, and thinks Widow
Douglas would have been proud of him. Jim and Huck turn into an island, and
sink the robbers' boat before going to bed.
Jim and Huck find a
number of valuables among the robbers' booty in Chapter Fourteen, mostly
trinkets and cigars. Jim says he doesn't enjoy Huck's "adventures,"
since they risk his getting caught. Huck recognizes that Jim is intelligent, at
least for what Huck thinks of a black person. Huck astonishes Jim with his
stories of kings. Jim had only heard of King Solomon, whom he considers a fool
for wanting to chop a baby in half. Huck cannot convince Jim otherwise. Huck
also tells Jim about the "dolphin," son of the executed King Louis
XVI of France, rumored to be wandering America. Jim is incredulous when Huck
explains that the French do not speak English, but another language. Huck tries
to argue the point with Jim, but gives up in defeat.
Huck and Jim are
nearing the Ohio River, their goal, in Chapter Fifteen. But one densely foggy
night, Huck, in the canoe, gets separated from Jim and the raft. He tries to
paddle back to it, but the fog is so thick he loses all sense of direction.
After a lonely time adrift, Huck is reunited with Jim, who is asleep on the
raft. Jim is thrilled to see Huck alive. But Huck tries to trick Jim,
pretending he dreamed their entire separation. Jim tells Huck the story of his
dream, making the fog and the troubles he faced on the raft into an allegory of
their journey to the free states. But soon Jim notices all the debris, dirt and
tree branches, that collected on the raft while it was adrift.
He gets mad at Huck
for making a fool of him after he had worried about him so much. "It was
fifteen minutes before I could work myself up to go and humble myself to a nigger,"
but Huck apologizes, and does not regret it. He feels bad about hurting Jim.
Jim and Huck hope they don't miss Cairo, the town at the mouth of the Ohio
River, which runs into the free states. Meanwhile, Huck's conscience troubles
him deeply about helping Jim escape from his "rightful owner," Miss
Watson, especially after her consideration for Huck. Jim can't stop talking
about going to the free states, especially about his plan to earn money to buy
his wife and children's freedom, or have some abolitionists kidnap them if
their masters refuse. When they think they see Cairo, Jim goes out on the canoe
to check, secretly resolved to give Jim up. But his heart softens when he hears
Jim call out that he is his only friend, the only one to keep a promise to him.
Huck comes upon some men in a boat who want to search his raft for escaped
slaves. Huck pretends to be grateful, saying no one else would help them. He
leads them to believe his family, on board the raft, has smallpox. The men back
away, telling Huck to go further downstream and lie about his family's
c
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