Thai | Svensk Porr

Thai | Svensk Porr
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This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA . For the distinction between [ ] , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters .

^ In Thai: ภาษาไทย Phasa Thai

^ In Thai: ภาษาไทยกลาง RTGS : Phasa Thai Klang ; Not to be confused with Central Tai

^ In Thai: ภาษาสยาม Phasa Sayam

^ Although "Thai" and "Central Thai" have become more common, the older term, "Siamese", is still used by linguists, especially when it is being distinguished from other Tai languages (Diller 2008:6 [ full citation needed ] ). "Proto-Thai" is, for example, the ancestor of all of Southwestern Tai , not just Siamese (Rischel 1998 [ full citation needed ] ).

^ Occasionally referred to as the "Central Thai people" in linguistics and anthropology to avoid confusion.

^ The glottalized stops /ʔb ʔd/ were unaffected, as they were treated in every respect like voiceless unaspirated stops due to the initial glottal stop. These stops are often described in the modern language as phonemically plain stops /b d/ , but the glottalization is still commonly heard.

^ Modern Lao , Isan and northern Thai dialects are often described as having six tones, but these are not necessarily due to preservation of the original six tones resulting from the tone split. For example, in standard Lao, both the high and low variants of Old Thai tone 2 merged; however, the mid-class variant of tone 1 became pronounced differently from either the high-class or low-class variants, and all three eventually became phonemic due to further changes, e.g. /kr/ > /kʰ/ . For similar reasons, Lao has developed more than two tonal distinctions in "dead" syllables.

^ These dialects are oftentimes stereotyped as Krung Thep dialects by outsiders.

^ Don't be confused with the Khon Kaen dialect, which means the standard Isan language .

^ Leang Ka Luang ( Southern Thai : แหลงข้าหลวง , literally: Bureaucrat speech ), colloquial term which referring to the Central Thai language of the Banlamese people (when refer both Teochew and Hokkien people ) in the Southern Thailand.

^ Initial อ is silent and therefore considered as a glottal stop .

^ ฃ and ฅ are no longer used. Thus, modern Thai is said to have 42 consonant letters.

^ The glottal plosive appears at the end when no final follows a short vowel

^ Jump up to: a b Thai at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

^ "Languages of ASEAN" . Retrieved 7 August 2017 .

^ Diller, A.; Reynolds, Craig J. (2002). "What makes central Thai a national language?". In Reynolds (ed.). National identity and its defenders : Thailand today . Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. ISBN 974-7551-88-8 . OCLC 54373362 .

^ Draper, John (2019), "Language education policy in Thailand", The Routledge International Handbook of Language Education Policy in Asia , Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 229–242, doi : 10.4324/9781315666235-16 , ISBN 978-1-315-66623-5 , S2CID 159127015

^ Baker, Christopher (2014). A history of Thailand . Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 9781316007334 .

^ Enfield, N.J. "How to define 'Lao', 'Thai', and 'Isan' language? A view from linguistic science". Tai Culture . 3 (1): 62–67.

^ Lieberman, Victor (2003). Strange Parallels: Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c.800–1830 (Studies in Comparative World History) (Kindle ed.). ISBN 978-0521800860 .

^ Wyatt, David K. (2003). Thailand: A Short History . New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08475-7 .

^ Ying-yai Sheng-lan: The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores (1433) , Hakluyt Society at the University Press, 1970, ISBN 0521010322

^ Peansiri Vongvipanond (Summer 1994). "Linguistic Perspectives of Thai Culture" . paper presented to a workshop of teachers of social science . University of New Orleans. p. 2. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012 . Retrieved 26 April 2011 . The dialect one hears on radio and television is the Bangkok dialect, considered the standard dialect.

^ Kemasingki, Pim; Prateepkoh, Pariyakorn (August 1, 2017). "Kham Mueang: the slow death of a language" . Chiang Mai City Life : 8. there are still many people speaking kham mueang, but as an accent, not as a language. Because we now share the written language with Bangkok, we are beginning to use its vocabulary as well

^ Andrew Simpson (2007). Language and national identity in Asia . Oxford University Press. Standard Thai is a form of Central Thai based on the variety of Thai spoken earlier by the elite of the court, and now by the educated middle and upper classes of Bangkok. It ... was standardized in grammar books in the nineteenth century, and spread dramatically from the 1930s onwards, when public education became much more widespread

^ Thepboriruk, Kanjana (2010). "Bangkok Thai tones revisited" . Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society . University of Hawaii Press. 3 (1): 86–105. Linguists generally consider Bangkok Thai and Standard Thai, the Kingdom’s national language, to be one and the same.

^ Antonio L. Rappa; Lionel Wee (2006), Language Policy and Modernity in Southeast Asia: Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand , Springer, pp. 114–115

^ Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993 :25) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFTingsabadh_&_Abramson1993 ( help )

^ Frankfurter, Oscar. Elements of Siamese grammar with appendices. American Presbyterian mission press, 1900 [1] (Full text available on Google Books)

^ Morén, Bruce; Zsiga, Elizabeth (2006). "The Lexical and Post-Lexical Phonology of Thai Tones*" . Natural Language & Linguistic Theory . 24 (1): 113–178. doi : 10.1007/s11049-004-5454-y . ISSN 0167-806X . S2CID 170764533 .

^ Zsiga, Elizabeth; Nitisaroj, Rattima (2007). "Tone Features, Tone Perception, and Peak Alignment in Thai" . Language and Speech . 50 (3): 343–383. doi : 10.1177/00238309070500030301 . ISSN 0023-8309 . PMID 17974323 . S2CID 18595049 .

^ Teeranon, Phanintra. (2007). "The change of Standard Thai high tone: An acoustic study and a perceptual experiment" . SKASE Journal of Theoretical Linguistics, 4 (3), 1-16.

^ Thepboriruk, Kanjana. (2010). "Bangkok Thai Tones Revisited" . Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, 3 (1), 86-105.

^ Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. (2007). "Directionality of Tone Change" . Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XVI) .

^ Warotamasikkhadit, Udom (1972). Thai Syntax . The Hague: Mouton.

^ Jump up to: a b c Bisang, W. (1991), "Verb serialisation, grammaticalisation, and attractor positions in Chinese, Hmong, Vietnamese, Thai and Khmer" , Partizipation: das sprachliche Erfassen von Sachverhalten , Tübingen: Narr, pp. 509–562 , retrieved 2021-05-02

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Jenny, Mathias; Ebert, Karen H.; Zúñiga, Fernando (2001), "The aspect system of Thai" , Aktionsart and Aspectotemporality in non-European languages , Zürich: Seminar für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, Universität Zürich, pp. 97–140, ISBN 978-3-9521010-8-7 , retrieved 2021-05-02

^ Jump up to: a b Boonyapatipark, Tasanalai (1983). A study of aspect in Thai . University of London.

^ Koenig, Jean-Pierre; Muansuwan, Nuttanart (2005). "The Syntax of Aspect in Thai" . Natural Language & Linguistic Theory . 23 (2): 335–380. doi : 10.1007/s11049-004-0488-8 . ISSN 0167-806X . JSTOR 4048104 . S2CID 170429648 .

^ Jenks, Peter (2011). "The Hidden Structure of Thai Noun Phrases" (PDF) . Harvard University Ph.D. Thesis .

^ "Thailanguage.org" . Retrieved 18 September 2010 .

^ Jump up to: a b Smyth, David (2014). Thai (2nd ed.). Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-97457-4 . OCLC 879025983 .

^ "The Many Different Ways To Say "I" " . Beginner Thai Speaking . 28 September 2021 . Retrieved 2021-11-12 .

^ Jump up to: a b "What Do 'krub' And 'ka' Mean In Thai Language & When To Use" . 5 October 2021 . Retrieved 2021-11-01 .

^ "The Languages spoken in Thailand" . Studycountry . Retrieved 2017-12-26 .

^ Haspelmath, Martin; Tadmor, Uri (2009). Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook . p. 611. Thai is of special interest to lexical borrowing for various reasons. The copious borrowing of basic vocabulary from Middle Chinese and later from Khmer indicates that, given the right sociolinguistic context, such vocabulary is not at all immune

^ Haarmann, Harald (1986). Language in Ethnicity: A View of Basic Ecological Relations . p. 165. In Thailand, for instance, where the Chinese influence was strong until the Middle Ages, Chinese characters were abandoned in written Thai in the course of the thirteenth century.

^ Leppert, Paul A. (1992). Doing Business With Thailand . p. 13. At an early time the Thais used Chinese characters. But, under the influence of Indian traders and monks, they soon dropped Chinese characters in favor of Sanskrit and Pali scripts.

^ "S̄yām-portukes̄ ṣ̄ụks̄ʹā: Khả reīyk "chā kāfæ" khır lxk khır thịy h̄rụ̄x portukes̄" สยาม-โปรตุเกสศึกษา: คำเรียก "ชา กาแฟ" ใครลอกใคร ไทย หรือ โปรตุเกส [Siam-Portuguese Studies: The term 'tea, coffee'. Who copied someone, Thai or Portuguese?]. 2010.

^ Pronk, Marco (2013). The Essential Thai Language Companion: Reference Book: Basics, Structures, Rules . Schwabe AG. p. v. ISBN 978-3-9523664-9-3 . learn the Thai alphabet as early as possible, and get rid of romanized transcriptions as soon as you can

^ Juyaso, Arthit (2015). Read Thai in 10 Days . Bingo-Lingo. p. xii. There have been attempts by Thai language schools to create a perfect phonetic system for learners, but none have been successful so far. ... Only Thai script is prevalent and consistent in Thailand.

^ Waites, Dan (2014). "Learning the Language: To Write or Not to Write" . CultureShock! Bangkok . Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-981-4516-93-8 . you're far better off learning the Thai alphabet

^ Cooper, Robert (2019). "Learning Thai: Writing Thai in English" . CultureShock! Thailand: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette . Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-981-4841-39-9 . take a bit of time to learn the letters. The time you spend is saved many times over when you begin to really learn Thai.

^ Royal Thai General System of Transcription , published by the Thai Royal Institute only in Thai

^ Handbook and standard for traffic signs (PDF) (in Thai), Appendix ง

^ ISO Standard .

อภิลักษณ์ ธรรมทวีธิกุล และ กัลยารัตน์ ฐิติกานต์นารา. 2549. การเน้นพยางค์กับทำนองเสียงภาษาไทย ( Stress and Intonation in Thai ) วารสารภาษาและภาษาศาสตร์ ปีที่ 24 ฉบับที่ 2 (มกราคม – มิถุนายน 2549) หน้า 59–76. ISSN 0857-1406 ISSN 2672-9881 .
สัทวิทยา : การวิเคราะห์ระบบเสียงในภาษา. 2547. กรุงเทพฯ : สำนักพิมพ์มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร์. ISBN 974-537-499-7 .
Diller, Anthony van Nostrand, et al. 2008. The Tai–Kadai Languages. ISBN 978-070-071-457-5 .
Gandour, Jack, Tumtavitikul, Apiluck and Satthamnuwong, Nakarin. 1999. Effects of Speaking Rate on the Thai Tones. Phonetica 56, pp. 123–134.
Li, Fang-Kuei . A handbook of comparative Tai . Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1977. Print.
Rischel, Jørgen. 1998. 'Structural and Functional Aspects of Tone Split in Thai'. In Sound structure in language , 2009.
Tumtavitikul, Apiluck, 1998. The Metrical Structure of Thai in a Non-Linear Perspective . Papers presented to the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 1994, pp. 53–71. Udom Warotamasikkhadit and Thanyarat Panakul, eds. Temple, Arizona: Program for Southeast Asian Studies, Arizona State University.
Apiluck Tumtavitikul. 1997. The Reflection on the X′ category in Thai . Mon–Khmer Studies XXVII, pp. 307–316.
อภิลักษณ์ ธรรมทวีธิกุล . 2539. ข้อคิดเกี่ยวกับหน่วยวากยสัมพันธ์ในภาษาไทย วารสารมนุษยศาสตร์วิชาการ. 4.57-66. ISSN 0859-3485 ISSN 2673-0502 .
Tumtavitikul, Appi. 1995. Tonal Movements in Thai . The Proceedings of the XIIIth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Vol. I, pp. 188–121. Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University.
Tumtavitikul, Apiluck. 1994. Thai Contour Tones . Current Issues in Sino-Tibetan Linguistics, pp. 869–875. Hajime Kitamura et al. , eds, Ozaka: The Organization Committee of the 26th Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, National Museum of Ethnology.
Tumtavitikul, Apiluck. 1993. FO – Induced VOT Variants in Thai . Journal of Languages and Linguistics, 12.1.34 – 56.
Tumtavitikul, Apiluck. 1993. Perhaps, the Tones are in the Consonants? Mon–Khmer Studies XXIII, pp. 11–41.
Higbie, James and Thinsan, Snea. Thai Reference Grammar: The Structure of Spoken Thai . Bangkok: Orchid Press, 2003. ISBN 974-8304-96-5 .
Nacaskul, Karnchana ( ศาสตราจารย์กิตติคุณ ดร.กาญจนา นาคสกุล }) Thai Phonology , 4th printing. ( ระบบเสียงภาษาไทย, พิมพ์ครั้งที่ 4 ) Bangkok: Chulalongkorn Press, 1998. ISBN 978-974-639-375-1 .
Nanthana Ronnakiat ( ดร.นันทนา รณเกียรติ ) Phonetics in Principle and Practical . ( สัทศาสตร์ภาคทฤษฎีและภาคปฏิบัติ ) Bangkok: Thammasat University, 2005. ISBN 974-571-929-3 .
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Thai , [a] or Central Thai [b] (historically Siamese ; [c] [d] Thai: ภาษาไทย ), is a Tai language of the Kra–Dai language family spoken by the Central Thai people [e] and a vast majority of Thai Chinese . It is the sole official language of Thailand . [3] [4]

Thai is the most spoken of over 60 languages of Thailand by both number of native and overall speakers. Over half of its vocabulary is derived from or borrowed from Pali , Sanskrit , Mon [5] and Old Khmer . It is a tonal and analytic language , similar to Chinese and Vietnamese .

Thai has a complex orthography and system of relational markers . Spoken Thai, depending on standard sociolinguistic factors such as age, gender, class, spatial proximity, and the urban/rural divide, is partly mutually intelligible with Lao , Isan , and some fellow Thai topolects . These languages are written with slightly different scripts, but are linguistically similar and effectively form a dialect continuum . [6]

As a dominant language in all aspects of society in Thailand, Thai initially saw gradual and later widespread adoption as a second language among the country's minority ethnic groups since the mid-late Ayutthaya period. [7] [8] Ethnic minorities today are predominantly bilingual, speaking Thai alongside their native language or dialect.

Standard Thai is classified as one of the Chiang Saen languages—others being Tai Lanna , Southern Thai and numerous smaller languages, which together with the Northwestern Tai and Lao-Phutai languages, form the Southwestern branch of Tai languages . The Tai languages are a branch of the Kra–Dai language family , which encompasses a large number of indigenous languages spoken in an arc from Hainan and Guangxi south through Laos and Northern Vietnam to the Cambodian border.

Standard Thai is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout Thailand. The standard is based on the dialect of the central Thai people, and it is written in the Thai script .

According to a Chinese source, during the Ming Dynasty , Yingya Shenglan (1405–1433), Ma Huan reported on the language of the Hsien Lo , saying that it somewhat resembled the local patois as pronounced in Guangdong [9] : 107 Thai has undergone various historical sound changes. Some of the most significant changes occurred during the evolution from Old Thai to modern Thai. The Thai writing system has an eight-century history and many of these changes, especially in consonants and tones, are evidenced in the modern orthography .

Old Thai had a three-way tone distinction on "live syllables" (those not ending in a stop), with no possible distinction on "dead syllables" (those ending in a stop, i.e. either /p/, /t/, /k/ or the glottal stop that automatically closes syllables otherwise ending in a short vowel).

There was a two-way voiced vs. voiceless distinction among all fricative and sonorant consonants, and up to a four-way distinction among stops and affricates . The maximal four-way occurred in labials ( /p pʰ b ʔb/ ) and dentals ( /t tʰ d ʔd/ ); the three-way distinction among velars ( /k kʰ ɡ/ ) and palatals ( /tɕ tɕʰ dʑ/ ), with the glottalized member of each set apparently missing.

The major change between old and modern Thai was due to voicing distinction losses and the concomitant tone split . This may have happened between about 1300 and 1600 CE, possibly occurring at different times in different parts of the Thai-speaking area. All voiced–voiceless pairs of consonants lost the voicing distinction:

However, in the process of these mergers, the former distinction of voice was transferred into a new set of tonal distinctions. In essence, every tone in Old Thai split into two new tones, with a lower-pitched tone corresponding to a syllable that formerly began with a voiced consonant, and a higher-pitched tone corresponding to a syllable that formerly began with a voiceless consonant (including glottalized stops). An additional complication is that formerly voiceless unaspirated stops/affricates (original /p t k tɕ ʔb ʔd/ ) also caused original tone 1 to lower, but had no such effect on original tones 2 or 3.

The above consonant mergers and tone splits ac
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