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Suitable for 9-18 years Pre-teen and teenage development: what to expect
Last updated or reviewed 09-07-2021
At raisingchildren.net.au we acknowledge the traditional custodians of the land on which we live, gather and work. We recognise their continuing connection to land, water and community. We pay respect to Elders past, present and emerging.
In the pre-teen and teenage years, children go through many changes – physical, social, emotional and cognitive.
During this time, children’s bodies, emotions and ideas about themselves develop and change at different speeds and times . There’s usually no need to worry if your child goes through some changes earlier or later than their peers.
During adolescence, your family is a secure emotional base where your child feels loved and accepted, no matter what’s going on in the rest of their life. You can build and support your child’s confidence, self-belief, optimism and identity. Strong family relationships can help your child grow into a well-adjusted, considerate and caring adult.
Puberty is the time when your child moves through a series of significant, natural and healthy changes.
Puberty starts when changes in your child’s brain cause sex hormones to start being released in girls’ ovaries and boys’ testes.
This usually happens around 10-11 years for girls and around 11-12 years for boys .
But it’s normal for the start of puberty to range from 8-13 years in girls and 9-14 years in boys .
If you’re concerned about your child and puberty, or about any other aspect of your child’s development during adolescence, talk with your child’s GP. They can reassure you and your child, or refer you to someone who can help.
Pre-teens and teenagers often feel strong and sometimes overwhelming emotions like shame and humiliation. They might know the words for these emotions but still have trouble recognising them when they’re upset. Also, because of brain development, pre-teens and teenagers don’t always have the skills to express and manage emotions in an adult way. That’s why teenagers still need help with understanding and managing emotions.
Young people are busy working out who they are and where they fit in the world . As part of this process, pre-teens and teenagers might try out new or different clothing styles, music, art, friendship groups and so on. They might also want more independence and responsibility. You have an important role in helping your child to develop their identity and a sense of their place in the world.
Staying connected can be an important part of supporting your child’s social and emotional development in the pre-teen and teenage years. Our video guide takes you through options for staying connected , and shows you how different approaches to staying connected can get different results.
Sexuality is a part of who your child is and who they’ll become. Sexuality develops and changes throughout your child’s life. Feeling comfortable with their sexuality and sexual identity is essential to your child’s healthy development.
Talking with you about sex and sexuality will help your child sort through the many messages they get about sexuality from other sources. It can also help your child make positive, safe and informed choices, now and in the future.
Most children grow up thinking of themselves as a girl or a boy and don’t question their gender. But some children and teenagers in all cultures identify as a gender that’s different from the sex they were assigned at birth. These children do well with support from parents, family and the community.
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Mental health in pre-teens and teenagers
Teen mental health is about happiness, good relationships, exercise, belonging and more. Signs of mental health problems include mood and other changes.
Nutrition and healthy food for teenagers
When teenagers eat a range of healthy food from the five food groups, they get the nutrition they need for health, growth and development in adolescence.
Physical activity for pre-teens and teenagers
Physical activity keeps pre-teen and teenage bodies and minds healthy. At this age, your child needs at least one hour of activity each day. Find out more.
Sleep patterns change in the teenage years, but your teenage child still needs plenty of good-quality sleep for health, memory and energy. Here’s how to help.
Parents: role models and positive influences for pre-teens and teenagers
Parents can be positive role models for teens in what they do and say. They can influence teen alcohol use, relationships, friendships, tech use and more.
Raising Children Network is supported by the Australian Government. Member organisations are the Parenting Research Centre and the Murdoch Childrens Research Institute with The Royal Children’s Hospital Centre for Community Child Health.
© 2006-2022 Raising Children Network (Australia) Limited. All rights reserved.
Warning: This website and the information it contains is not intended as a substitute for professional consultation with a qualified practitioner.
This website is certified by Health On the Net Foundation (HON) and complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information.

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Teens and Sleep
An overview of why teens face unique sleep challenges and tips to help them sleep better
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By
Danielle Pacheco
|
May 13, 2022

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The teenage years are a formative period. The brain and body experience significant development, and the transition to adulthood brings important changes that affect emotions, personality, social and family life, and academics.
Sleep is essential during this time, working behind the scenes to allow teens to be at their best. Unfortunately, research indicates that many teens get far less sleep than they need.
Both the National Sleep Foundation and the American Academy of Sleep Medicine agree that teens need between 8 and 10 hours of sleep per night . Getting this recommended amount of sleep can help teens maintain their physical health, emotional well-being, and school performance.
At the same time, teens face numerous challenges to getting consistent, restorative sleep. Recognizing those challenges helps teens and their parents make a plan so that teens get the sleep they need.
Sleep is vital for people of any age. For teens, though, profound mental, physical, social, and emotional development requires quality sleep 1 .
Sleep benefits the brain and promotes attention, memory, and analytical thought. It makes thinking sharper, recognizing the most important information to consolidate learning. Sleep also facilitates expansive thinking 2 that can spur creativity 3 . Whether it’s studying for a test, learning an instrument, or acquiring job skills, sleep is essential for teens 4 .
Given the importance of sleep for brain function, it’s easy to see why teens who don’t get enough sleep tend to suffer from excessive drowsiness and lack of attention 5 that can harm their academic performance 6 .
Most people have experienced how sleep can affect mood, causing irritability and exaggerated emotional reactions. Over time, the consequences can be even greater for teens who are adapting to more independence, responsibility, and new social relationships.
Prolonged sleep loss may negatively affect emotional development 7 , increasing risks for interpersonal conflict as well as more serious mental health problems 8 .
Mental health disorders like anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorder have routinely been linked to poor sleep 9 , and sleep deprivation in teens can increase the risk of suicide. Improving sleep in adolescents may play a role 10 in preventing mental health disorders or reducing their symptoms.
Sleep contributes to the effective function of virtually every system of the body. It empowers the immune system, helps regulate hormones, and enables muscle and tissue recovery.
Substantial physical development happens during adolescence and can be negatively affected by a lack of sleep. For example, researchers have found that adolescents who fail to get enough sleep have a troubling metabolic profile 11 that may put them at higher risk of diabetes and long-term cardiovascular problems.
Sleep deprivation can affect the development of the frontal lobe, a part of the brain that is critical to control impulsive behavior. Not surprisingly, numerous studies have found that teens who don’t get enough sleep are more likely to engage in high-risk behaviors 12 like drunk driving, texting while driving, riding a bicycle without a helmet, and failing to use a seatbelt. Drug and alcohol use, smoking, risky sexual behavior, fighting, and carrying a weapon have also been identified as more likely in teens who get too little sleep 13 .
Behavioral problems can have widespread effects on a teenager’s life, harming their academic performance as well as their relationships with family and friends.
Insufficient sleep in teens can make them prone to accidental injury and even death. Of particular concern is an elevated risk of accidents 14 as a result of drowsy driving . Studies have found that sleep deprivation can reduce reaction times with an effect similar to that of significant alcohol consumption 15 . In teens, the impact of drowsy driving can be amplified by a lack of driving experience and a higher rate of distracted driving 16 .
By almost all accounts, many teenagers in America are not getting the recommended 8-10 hours of sleep per night. In the 2006 Sleep in America Poll by the National Sleep Foundation, 45% of adolescents reported getting less than eight hours per night.
The problem may be getting worse. Data from four national surveys conducted from 2007-2013 found that nearly 69% of high school students got seven or fewer hours of sleep per night. Estimates place the rate of insomnia in adolescents as high as 23.8% 17 .
Insufficient sleep among teens has been found to be higher among women than men. Older teens report getting less sleep than people in early adolescence. Surveys have also found that teens who identify as Black, Asian, and multiracial have the highest rates of sleeping less than eight hours per night.
There is no single reason for sleep insufficiency among teens. Several factors contribute to this problem, and these factors may vary from teenager to teenager.
During adolescence, there is a strong tendency toward being a “night owl,” staying up later at night and sleeping longer into the morning. Experts believe this is a two-fold biological impulse affecting the circadian rhythm and sleep-wake cycle of teens.
First, teens have a sleep drive that builds more slowly, which means they don’t start to feel tired until later in the evening. Second, the body waits longer to start producing melatonin , which is the hormone that helps promote sleep.
If allowed to sleep on their own schedule, many teens would get eight hours or more per night, sleeping from 11 p.m. or midnight until 8 or 9 a.m., but school start times 18 in most school districts force teens to wake up much earlier in the morning. Because of the biological delay in their sleep-wake cycle, many teens simply aren’t able to fall asleep early enough to get eight or more hours of sleep and still arrive at school on time.

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