Teenage Rebel

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Teenage Rebel
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^ "Rebellion and Defiance in Adolescents" . Psychology Today . Retrieved 2020-07-24 .

^ "Teenagers: Why Do They Rebel?" . WebMD . Retrieved 2020-07-24 .

^ "Teen rebellion marks subconscious separation from parents" . USC News . 2015-04-17 . Retrieved 2020-07-24 .

^ Kapadia, Shagufa; Miller, Joan (March 2005). "Parent–Adolescent Relationships in the Context of Interpersonal Disagreements: View from a Collectivist Culture" . Psychology and Developing Societies . 17 (1): 33–50. doi : 10.1177/097133360501700103 . ISSN 0971-3336 . S2CID 145296458 .

^ "Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory" . ResearchGate .

^ "6.3 Adolescence: Developing Independence and Identity" . 6.3 Adolescence: Developing Independence and Identity | Introduction to Psychology . open.lib.umn.edu . University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing edition, 2015. This edition adapted from a work originally produced in 2010 by a publisher who has requested that it not receive attribution. 26 October 2015 . Retrieved 2017-11-30 .

^ Gray, Peter (March 2011). "The Evolutionary Biology of Education: How Our Hunter-Gatherer Educative Instincts Could Form the Basis for Education Today" . Evolution: Education and Outreach . 4 (1): 28–40. doi : 10.1007/s12052-010-0306-1 . ISSN 1936-6426 .

^ Epstein, Robert (June 1, 2007). "The Myth of the Teen Brain" . Scientific American . 17 (2s): 68–75. Bibcode : 2007SciAm..17...68E . doi : 10.1038/scientificamerican0607-68sp . Retrieved May 31, 2016 .

^ Lustig, Robin (2006-12-06). "Teen rebellion - a Western export?" . BBC . Retrieved February 19, 2017 .

^ Schraffenberger, Rebecca. (2007) "This Modern Goth (Explains Herself)", Goth Undead Subculture. New York: Duke UP, 2007.

^ "Teenage Risk-taking: Biological And Inevitable?" . Temple University . Science Daily . April 12, 2007 . Retrieved July 21, 2009 .

^ Temple University (2007). Risk Taking in Adolescence: New Perspectives From Brain and Behavioral Science. Current Directions in Psychological Science pg. 55-59

^ Jump up to: a b Steinberg L. (2008). “ A Social Neuroscience Perspective on Adolescent Risk-Taking ”. Developmental review.

^ Drevets W, Raichle M. (1998) "Reciprocal suppression of regional cerebral blood flow during emotional versus higher cognitive processes: implications for interactions between emotion and cognition". Cognition and Emotion. 12:353–385

^ Lambert, A. E., Simons-Morton, B. G., Cain, S. A., Weisz, S., & Cox, D. J. (2014). "Considerations of a Dual-systems Model of Cognitive Development and Risky Driving". Journal of research on adolescence.

^ "Why Teens Do Stupid Things" . Cornell University . Science Daily . December 12, 2006 . Retrieved July 21, 2009 .

^ Harris, Darryl. B. (1998). " The Logic of Black Urban Rebellions ". Journal of Black Studies . 28 (3): 368–385.

^ Delaney, T. (2007). “Pop Culture: An Overview”. Retrieved from https://philosophynow.org/issues/64/Pop_Culture_An_Overview

^ Ebert, R. (2005). “The young and the restless”. Retrieved from https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-rebel-without-a-cause-1955

^ Jump up to: a b Goostree, Michele Leigh (2011). " In Revolt. How Suburban Youth of the 1950s Rejected the Contradictions of an Affluent Society in Favor of Apocalyptic Zombies and Chicken Runs" . Theses. Paper 658

^ Corry, J. (2010). “The Beatles and the Counterculture”. TCNJ Journal of Student Scholarship, Volume XII.

^ Hirsch, A. (2018). “How BeatleMania Came Exactly When the Teenage Generation Needed It Most”. Retrieved from https://uwarchive.wordpress.com/2018/04/22/how-beatlemania-came-exactly-when-the-teenage-generation-needed-it-most/

^ Doyle, J (2016) “Rock Around The Clock – Bill Haley: 1951-1981” Retrieved from https://www.pophistorydig.com/topics/rock-around-the-clock-bill-haley/

^ "Where did the term "teenager" originate?" .

^ Wiseman, L. (2015). " Teenage Attitude of the 1950s ". Red Oak, Texas. Tau Sigma Journal of Historical Studies: Vol. XXI.

^ Roszak, T. (1969). "The Making of a Counter Culture: Reflections on the Technocratic Society and Its Youthful Opposition". New York. Anchor Books

^ O'Neill, W. (1986). " American High: The Years of Confidence ". New York. Simon and Schister.

^ Gilbert, J. (1986). " A Cycle of Outrage: America's Reaction to the Juvenile Delinquent in the 1950s ". New York. Oxford University Press

^ W.T. Lhamon, Jr. (1990). " Deliberate Speed: The Origins of a Cultural Style in the American 1950s ". Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press.

^ Chinn, S.E. (2007). "Rethinking Rebellion in the 1950s" . GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 13


Teenage rebellion is a part of human development in adolescents in order for them to develop an identity independent from their parents or family and a capacity for independent decision-making . [1] They may experiment with different roles, behaviors, and ideologies as part of this process of developing an identity. [2] Teenage rebellion has been recognized within psychology as a set of behavioral traits that supersede class , culture , or race ; [3] some psychologists, however, have disputed the universality of the phenomenon. [4] According to Terror Management Theory , the child's allegiance to parental authority and worldviews can weaken after the discovery that parents, like themselves and everyone else, are mortal. This realization creates an unconscious need for security that is broader than what the parents alone provide. This can lead to new cultural allegiances , in the search for a more enduring sense of meaning. Teenagers seek to perceive themselves a valued contributor to aspects of culture that more convincingly outlive or transcend the mortal individual's lifespan. However, since the parents also instill their cultural beliefs onto the child, if the child does not come to associate their parents' mortality with their cultural beliefs, the chances of rebellion decrease. [5]

There remains some debate as to whether the causes of teenage rebellion are completely natural or necessary. Some posit that an adolescent's failure to achieve a sense of identity can result in role confusion and an inability to choose a vocation, and/or that these pressures may develop from being viewed as adults. [6] Indeed, in the Western world the age at which one is considered an adult (in both the cultural and legal sense) has advanced from the early teens in earlier centuries to the late teens – or even, in today's society, one's early twenties. However, simply focusing on contemporary western or western-influenced cultures cannot answer the question of "universality". For example, if our hunter–gatherer ancestors or historic agrarian cultures had different patterns of behaviour, this would suggest that "teenage rebellion" is not "completely natural". [7]

In Scientific American , however, Harvard psychologist Robert Epstein disparaged the notion of "the immature brain that supposedly causes teen problems" as largely a myth, and wrote that the turbulence often seen as typical of these years is not "a universal developmental phenomenon." Epstein alternatively contends that external factors – notably " treating older and older people as children while also isolating them from adults and passing laws to restrict their behavior" – are more likely responsible for the angst seen among many American teens. [8] Likewise, in an article by Robin Lustig of BBC , academic Cynthia Lightfoot states that what is now considered youth culture was created by the advent of compulsory formal education in the United States, due to the unprecedented separation of younger and older people that resulted from it. Lustig notes that the efflorescence of rebellious attitudes in teenagers of other countries has been concurrent with the introduction of Western culture into those countries. [9]

While teenage rebellion can involve a violation of the law or other rules, it can be limited to a violation of societal norms, including those established by teenagers themselves. According to Rebecca Schraffenberger, her peers saw her bookishness and shyness "as vulnerability and ... made a game of preying upon it. I wasted a couple of years trying to conform and fit in, to wear the clothes from Benetton and buy the ultra-trendy Guess jeans. By the time I was fifteen, I gave up." [10] Thus, Schraffenberger abandoned societal norms for an alternative minority goth culture. Much of goth culture defies majority teenage norms by its interest in subjects such as death, dark music, depression, and emotional demonstration.

Temple University psychologist Laurence Steinberg suggests that "stopping systems within the brain make adolescents more susceptible to engaging in risky or dangerous behavior." [11] Steinberg states that "research does not support the stereotype of adolescents as irrational individuals who believe they are invulnerable and who are unaware, inattentive to, or unconcerned about the potential harms of risky behavior." [12] He argues that risk-taking declines between adolescence and adulthood, [13] because of the maturation of the cognitive control system, which strengthens the ability to inhibit impulsive behavior . Teenage risk-taking is the product of an interaction between the socio-emotional and cognitive control networks, [14] and adolescence is a period in which the former becomes more assertive at puberty while the latter gains strength over a longer period of time. However, much of the time this network is not highly active. [15] So when the socio-emotional network is not highly activated (for example, when individuals are not emotionally excited or are alone), the cognitive control network is strong enough to impose regulatory control over impulsive and risky behavior. In the presence of peers or under conditions of emotional arousal, however, the socio-emotional network becomes sufficiently activated to diminish the regulatory effectiveness of the cognitive control network. During adolescence, the cognitive control network matures, so that by adulthood, even under conditions of heightened arousal in the socio-emotional network inclinations toward risk-taking can be modulated. [13]

A Cornell study from 2006 determined that teens are more likely to consider risk while making a decision, and for a longer period of time, than adults. They are more likely to overestimate the risks, in fact. Teens will also take risks because they find the reward, such as instant gratification or peer acceptance, more valuable. [16]

The phenomenon has been categorized by mainstream media and popular culture , and is a very common subject in music and film. [17] Popular culture allows large diverse groups of people to identify indiscriminately and to feel represented. Not only does it serve as a way of inclusion in society as it joins the masses on standards of acceptable forms of behavior but it also forges a sense of identity, meaning and purpose that chains the individuals of a society. [18] Many historians have analyzed the way that film influenced the teenage generation and culture. Thomas Doherty stated that film was one of the first forms of media to evolve from mass culture to teen culture, and that thanks to film the teen idol fever started. An example of films that projected images of youth is Rebel Without a Cause , which was extremely influential at the time and created a new idea of young people. [19] The film reflects juvenile delinquency along with confusion, uncertainty and fright of both teenagers and adults. Likewise, Blackboard Jungle is a film that focuses on juvenile delinquency and explains the reasons why teenagers behave the way they do, as well as the pedagogical issues that attack educators and students in a very fragile education system. [20] Apart from the film industry, The Beatles influenced enormously in a social and cultural change. The band developed both personal freedom expressed by physical appearance and experimentation with drugs, which induced introspective and passive behavior, as opposed to alcohol. Their music challenged the generations of outdated parents and favoured fun and adventure among teenagers. The Beatles became a liberating force for millions of teenagers who would then become activists, hippies and protests of social and cultural change. [21] Many psychologists saw Beatlemania as a rebellion and a reaction against their conservative elders. [22] Another example in music was Rock Around The Clock , which not only was one of the first American rock n’ roll recordings but also it was considered the teenage National Anthem. [23] Considering the film and music industries, the specialist John Storey defines popular culture as something that arises from the people rather than imposed upon them. In other words, popular culture is shaped and designed by its consumers and that is why it is, without exception, intervened with teenage rebellion.

The word teenager was seldom used until 1939 when it was mentioned in a headline in the Journal of Education for a review on a book study entitled Adolescence: A Study in the Teen Age , albeit it was hyphenated as Teen-Agers . [24] Even though a lot of publications of the 1950s sought to explain this adolescence change, it wasn't until the twentieth century that historians began to analyze this phenomenon. The study of teenage rebellion has no definitive categories since scholars have given a multitude of causes for this behavioral evolution in society. [25] Theodore Roszak was one of the first historians to analyze the teenage rebellion from the 1950s. According to Roszak, this individual movement could be compared to the Romantic Movement or even the Renaissance as people during those time periods struggled for independence the same way the youth of his society did. In his book " The Making of a Counter Culture ", Roszak stated that teenage rebellion at the time was actually nothing more than a phase that each society goes through periodically. [26] In other words, this longing for identity teenagers experience can be explained by being a part of a society. William O'Neill theorized that Americans in the 1950s were so deeply affected by events such as World War II and the Cold War that the youth of the time were simply neglected and this led them to rebel. [27] James Gilbert agreed with O'Neill that the people who grew up during World War II were particularly affected and influenced from being raised by a war generation. [28] Gilbert also added that the media contributed to this phenomenon by celebrating teenage delinquency with movies, music, and magazines. It is difficult to determine the extent to which mass media played a role in inspiring some bouts of juvenile delinquency in the suburbs. [20] W.T. Lhamon discusses how the power of the teenage culture was not at first evident to those who capitalized on it. Eventually, society realized that changes in manners, values, and styles were not simply a trend but a growing expression of teenage rebellion against what teens viewed as conservative ideals they disagreed with. According to Lhamon, the youth culture was and still is something that has greater control in society than many realize. [29] Numerous historians have attributed the source of the American teenage rebellion to many different factors throughout the years, such as the economic expansion, the wartime effects, media consumption, and the United States becoming increasingly conformist, politically conservative, and intolerant. [30]


Driving fast, breaking curfew, arguing, shoplifting. Teenagers can push your patience, but unfortunately, some kids go as far as blatantly flouting rules or breaking the law, often with tragic results. What's with this rebellious streak? How can parents funnel it into less risky business?
All teens go through similar phases -- the need for independence, a separate identity, testing authority. It's part of growing up; it's also linked to developmental changes in the brain that will eventually help them become analytical adults.
But today's teens get an extra whammy -- social pressures come earlier than in previous generations.
To understand this complex picture, WebMD turned to two of the nation's experts.
David Elkind , PhD, is the author of All Grown Up and No Place to Go, and is a professor of child development at Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston. Amy Bobrow , PhD, is a clinical psychologist and professor in the Child Study Center at New York University School of Medicine in Manhattan.
During the teenage years, the area of the brain called the prefrontal cortex is developing. This is the part of your brain that is behind your forehead. It's your thinking cap and judgment center, Elkind explains, which means kids can now develop their own ideals and ideas.
Whereas younger children don't see the flaws in their parents, adolescents suddenly see the world more realistically. "They construct an ideal of what parents should be, based on their friends' parents, on media parents. When they compare their own parents to the ideal, they find them wanting. Their parents don't know how dress, walk, talk; they're embarrassing," he tells WebMD.
All the arguments -- they're also the result of the prefrontal cortex at work, Elkind says. As a child evolves into a teenager, the brain becomes able to synthesize information into ideas. Teens want to exercise their new skill -- and they tend to practice on their parents. "It may seem that they argue for the sake of arguing. But really, they're practicing their new abilities."
Whereas wild clothes and make-up used to be a rite of passage into adolescence, that's not true today, says Elkind. The preadolescent 11- and 12-year-olds -- the Britney Spears generation -- are pushing that fashion envelope.
Body piercing, tattoos, and music are today's "markers" of adolescence. "No self-respecting 15-year-old is going to listen to Britney Spears," he says.
Another dynamic: first love, first sex, first drugs, first drinking. In earlier generations, kids weren't expected to be sexually active -- or experiment with alcohol or drugs -- until they turned 17 or 18, when they were better able to resist peer pressure , says Elkind. "Now they're getting pressure at 13 and 14, when they're too young to resist. It's not that child development has changed, it's that the demands are coming at earlier ages."
Yet it is a myth that all teenagers are big risk-takers, says Bobrow at New York University.
"Parents are concerned that kids who try drugs use them on a regular basis, but that isn't always the case," she tells WebMD.
Indeed, there's evidence of a decline in teenage sexual experimentation, says Elkind. The pregnancy rate has gone down. "I'm not sure if it's threat of AIDS or sex education. At any rate, those signs are good," he says. "Also, laws in many states require parental consent laws for an abortion. That may have contributed."
Also, teen crime statistics have stabilized, although they have taken a different twist. "We're finding that girls are involved in the same crimes as boys are, like armed robbery," says Elkind. "Girls are involved in carjacking, car stealing, which used to be exclusively boy crimes."
Unfortunately, Elkind adds, the rates of sexually transmitted disease have not declined among teenagers.
Of course, the fact that all teenagers aren't as wild as some people imagine doesn't necessarily help create peace in your home. Even the most balanced teenagers are arguing and challenging their parents, sometimes on a dail
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