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(left) Busts of the Roman emperor Hadrian (left) and his male lover Antinous , now at the British Museum (right) Roman mosaic from Susa, Libya , depicting the myth of Zeus in the form of an eagle abducting the boy Ganymede
A drawing based on a fragment of an ancient Roman glass vessel. 1826 - 1827 British Museum, London
A fragment of a glass vessel showing a homosexual scene - circa 15 BCE -1st Century CE British Museum, London
^ Craig Williams, Roman Homosexuality (Oxford University Press, 1999, 2010), p. 304, citing Saara Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome (Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1983), p. 122.
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality , passim; Elizabeth Manwell, "Gender and Masculinity," in A Companion to Catullus (Blackwell, 2007), p. 118.
^ Kristina Minor (2014). Graffiti and the Literary Landscape in Roman Pompeii . Oxford University Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0199684618 . Despite the best efforts of scholars, we have essentially no direct evidence of female homoerotic love in Rome: the best we can do is a collection of hostile literary and technical treatments ranging from Phaedrus to Juvenal to the medical writers and Church fathers, all of which condemn sex between women as low-class, immoral, barbarous, and disgusting.
^ Skinner, Sexuality in Greek and Roman Culture , p. 69
^ Christopher A. Faraone (2001). Ancient Greek Love Magic . Harvard University Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-0674006966 .
^ Thomas A.J. McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 326. See the statement preserved by Aulus Gellius 9.12. 1 that " it was an injustice to bring force to bear against the body of those who are free" ( vim in corpus liberum non aecum ... adferri ).
^ Eva Cantarella , Bisexuality in the Ancient World (Yale University Press, 1992, 2002, originally published 1988 in Italian), p. xii.
^ Elaine Fantham , "The Ambiguity of Virtus in Lucan's Civil War and Statius' Thebiad ," Arachnion 3; Andrew J.E. Bell, "Cicero and the Spectacle of Power," Journal of Roman Studies 87 (1997), p. 9; Edwin S. Ramage, "Aspects of Propaganda in the De bello gallico : Caesar’s Virtues and Attributes," Athenaeum 91 (2003) 331–372; Myles Anthony McDonnell, Roman manliness: virtus and the Roman Republic (Cambridge University Press, 2006) passim ; Rhiannon Evans, Utopia Antiqua: Readings of the Golden Age and Decline at Rome (Routledge, 2008), pp. 156–157.
^ Davina C. Lopez, "Before Your Very Eyes: Roman Imperial Ideology, Gender Constructs and Paul's Inter-Nationalism," in Mapping Gender in Ancient Religious Discourses (Brill, 2007), pp. 135–138.
^ Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World , p. xi; Marilyn B. Skinner, introduction to Roman Sexualities (Princeton University Press, 1997), p. 11.
^ Craig A. Williams, Roman Homosexuality (Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 18.
^ Rebecca Langlands , Sexual Morality in Ancient Rome (Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 13.
^ For further discussion of how sexual activity defines the free, respectable citizen from the slave or "un-free" person, see Master-slave relations in ancient Rome .
^ Amy Richlin, The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor (Oxford University Press, 1983, 1992), p. 225.
^ Catharine Edwards, "Unspeakable Professions: Public Performance and Prostitution in Ancient Rome," in Roman Sexualities , pp. 67–68.
^ Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World , p. xi; Skinner, introduction to Roman Sexualities , p. 11.
^ Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World , pp. xi–xii; Skinner, introduction to Roman Sexualities , pp. 11–12.
^ Amy Richlin, "Sexuality in the Roman Empire," in A Companion to the Roman Empire (Blackwell, 2006), p. 329. The lower classes ( humiliores ) were subject to harsher penalties than the elite ( honestiores ).
^ This is a theme throughout Carlin A. Barton, The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans: The Gladiator and the Monster (Princeton University Press, 1993).
^ Richlin, The Garden of Priapus , p. 33. "Whatever the relationship between the poetry and the reality, it is a fact that poems to pueri are as common as poems to mistresses, and are similar in tone."
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality , 2nd ed., pp. 36–39.
^ Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World , p. 120; Edward Courtney, The Fragmentary Latin Poets (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), p. 75.
^ Ramsay MacMullen , "Roman Attitudes to Greek Love," Historia 31.4 (1982), pp. 484–502.
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality , 2nd ed., pp. 16, 327, 328.
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality , 2nd ed., pp. 70–78.
^ Jump up to: a b Williams, Roman Homosexuality , 2nd ed., p. 23.
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality , 2nd ed., p. 24.
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality , 2nd ed., p. 19.
^ Quintilian , Institutio Oratoria , 10.1.93.
^ Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World , p. 154.
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality , 2nd ed., p. 12.
^ Catullus , Carmina 24, 48, 81, 99.
^ John Pollini , "The Warren Cup: Homoerotic Love and Symposial Rhetoric in Silver," Art Bulletin 81.1 (1999), p. 28.
^ Lucretius, De rerum natura 4.1052–1056). See also Sexuality in ancient Rome#Epicurean sexuality .
^ Amy Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men," Journal of the History of Sexuality 3.4 (1993), p. 536.
^ Tibullus , Book One, elegies 4, 8, and 9.
^ Propertius 4.2.
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality , 2nd ed., pp. 35 and 189.
^ Suetonius. "The Life of Vergil" . University of Chicago .
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality , pp. 116–119.
^ Mark Petrini, The Child and the Hero: Coming of Age in Catullus and Vergil (University of Michigan Press, 1997), pp. 24–25.
^ James Anderson Winn, The Poetry of War (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 162.
^ Ovid , Ars Amatoria 2.683–684; Pollini, "Warren Cup," p. 36.
^ Judith P. Hallett; Marilyn Skinner, eds. (1997). Roman Sexualities . Princeton University Press. p. 55.
^ As at Metamorphoses 10.155ff.
^ Habinek , "The Invention of Sexuality in the World-City of Rome," p. 31 et passim .
^ Paul Chrystal (2017). In Bed with the Romans . Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1445666730 .
^ Potter, David S., ed. (2009). "Sexuality in the Roman Empire". A Companion to the Roman Empire . John Wiley & Sons. p. 335. ISBN 978-1-4051-9918-6 .
^ Louis Crompton, Byron and Greek Love (London, 1998), p. 93.
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality , 2nd ed., p. 351, n. 150.
^ Johns, Catherine (1982). Sex or Symbol? Erotic Images of Greece and Rome . British Museum . pp. 102–104.
^ Jump up to: a b Clarke, “Sexuality and Visual Representation,” p. 514
^ Richlin, The Garden of Priapus , p. 223.
^ Jump up to: a b Skinner, Sexuality in Greek and Roman Culture , p. 369
^ James L. Butrica (2005). "Some Myths and Anomalies in the Study of Roman Sexuality". Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition . Haworth Press. p. 210.
^ Jump up to: a b c Clarke, Looking at Lovemaking , p. 78.
^ Andrew Lear , “Ancient Pederasty: An Introduction,” in A Companion to Greek and Roman Sexualities , edited by Thomas K. Hubbard, 102–127 (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2014), p: 107.
^ Nick Fisher; Aeschines (2001). Against Timarchus . Clarendon Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0198149026 .
^ "The monuments of the ancient Pompeii - SUBURBAN BATH - POMPEII" . www.pompeii.org.uk .
^ John R. Clarke, “Sexuality and Visual Representation,” in A Companion to Greek and Roman Sexualities , edited by Thomas K. Hubbard, 509–33 (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2014).
^ John R. Clarke, Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250 (University of California Press, 1998, 2001), p. 234.
^ Clarke, Looking at Lovemaking , pp. 234–235.
^ Clarke, Looking at Lovemaking , p. 255.
^ Habinek, "The Invention of Sexuality in the World-City of Rome," in The Roman Cultural Revolution , p. 39.
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality , pp. 69–70.
^ Amy Richlin, "Pliny's Brassiere," in Roman Sexualities , p. 215.
^ David Fredrick, The Roman Gaze: Vision, Power, and the Body (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), p. 156.
^ Paul Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (University of Michigan Press, 1988), pp. 239–240, 249–250 et passim .
^ John Pollini, "The Warren Cup: Homoerotic Love and Symposial Rhetoric in Silver," Art Bulletin 81.1 (1999) 21–52. John R. Clarke, Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250 (University of California Press, 1998, 2001), p. 61, asserts that the Warren cup is valuable for art history and as a document of Roman sexuality precisely because of its "relatively secure date."
^ Pollini, "The Warren Cup," passim .
^ Pollini, "Warren Cup," pp. 35–37, 42.
^ Pollini, "Warren Cup," p. 37.
^ Maria Teresa Marabini Moevs, “Per una storia del gusto: riconsiderazioni sul Calice Warren,” Bollettino d’Arte 146 (2008): 1-16.
^ Dalya Alberge (12 March 2014). "German archaeologist suggests British Museum's Warren Cup could be forgery | Science" . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 May 2014 .
^ Luca Giuliani , “Der Warren-Kelch im British Museum: Eine Revision.” Zeitschrift für Ideengeschichte 9, no. 3 (2015): 89–110.
^ Jump up to: a b Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 531.
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality , p. 85 et passim .
^ Martial, 3.71 .
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality , p. 200.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Williams, Roman Homosexuality , p. 197.
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality , pp. 181ff. and 193.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Williams, Roman Homosexuality , p. 193.
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality , p. 6.
^ James L. Butrica, "Some Myths and Anomalies in the Study of Roman Sexuality," in Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity , p. 223, compares cinaedus to "faggot" in the Dire Straits song " Money for Nothing ", in which a singer referred to as "that little faggot with the earring and the make-up" also "gets his money for nothing and his chicks for free."
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality , pp. 203–204.
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality , pp. 55, 202.
^ H. Cuvigny and C. J. Robin, "Des Kinaidokolpites dans un ostracon grec du désert oriental (Égypte)" , Topoi. Orient-Occident 6 –2 (1996): 697–720, at 701.
^ Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World , p. 125.
^ Catullus, Carmen 61, lines 119–143.
^ Butrica, "Some Myths and Anomalies in the Study of Roman Sexuality," pp. 218, 224.
^ Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 534; Ronnie Ancona, "(Un)Constrained Male Desire: An Intertextual Reading of Horace Odes 2.8 and Catullus Poem 61," in Gendered Dynamics in Latin Love Poetry (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), p. 47; Mark Petrini, The Child and the Hero: Coming of Age in Catullus and Vergil (University of Michigan Press, 1997), pp. 19–20.
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality , p. 229. note 260: Martial 6.39.12-4: " quartus cinaeda fronte, candido voltu / ex concubino natus est tibi Lygdo: / percide, si vis, filium: nefas non est. "
^ Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World , pp. 125–126; Robinson Ellis, A Commentary on Catullus (Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 181; Petrini, The Child and the Hero , p. 19.
^ Quintilian , Institutio Oratoria 1.2.8, who disapproves of consorting with either concubini or "girlfriends" ( amicae ) in front of one's children. Ramsey MacMullen , "Roman Attitudes to Greek Love," Historia 31 (1982), p. 496.
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality , p. 24, citing Martial 8.44.16-7: tuoque tristis filius, velis nolis, cum concubino nocte dormiet prima. (" and your mourning son, whether you wish it or not, will lie first night sleep with your favourite ")
^ Caesarian Corpus , The Spanish War 33; MacMullen, "Roman Attitudes to Greek Love," p. 490.
^ "They use the word Catamitus for Ganymede, who was the concubinus of Jove," according to the lexicographer Festus (38.22, as cited by Williams, Roman Homosexuality , p. 332, note 230.
^ Butrica, "Some Myths and Anomalies in the Study of Roman Sexuality," in Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity , p. 212.
^ Jump up to: a b c Williams, Roman Homosexuality , 2nd ed., p. 91.
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality , 2nd ed., pp. 91–92.
^ Jump up to: a b Paul Veyne (1992). "The Roman Empire". A History of Private Life, Volume I: From Pagan Rome to Byzantium . Belknap Press, Harvard University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0674399747 .
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality , 2nd ed., pp. 89, 90, 92, and 93.
^ Cicero, Milo 55.
^ Suetonius, Tiberius 43: secessu vero Caprensi etiam sellaria excogitavit, sedem arcanarum libidinum, in quam undique conquisiti puellarum et exoletorum greges monstrosique concubitus repertores, quos spintrias appellabat, triplici serie conexi, in vicem incestarent coram ipso, ut aspectu deficientis libidines excitaret.
^ Suetonius, Galba 22.
^ Suetonius, Titus 7: praeter saevitiam suspecta in eo etiam luxuria erat, quod ad mediam noctem comissationes cum profusissimo quoque familiarium extenderet; nec minus libido propter exoletorum … .
^ Suetonius. "Life of Caligula" . University of Chicago .
^ Holt N. Parker, "The Teratogenic Grid," in Roman Sexualities , p. 56; Williams, Roman Homosexuality , p. 196.
^ Parker, "The Teratogenic Grid," p. 57, citing Martial 5.61 and 4.43.
^ Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 535.
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality , p. 75.
^ Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 547.
^ Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 536; Williams, Roman Homosexuality , p. 208.
^ Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 536.
^ Elaine Fantham , " Stuprum : Public Attitudes and Penalties for Sexual Offences in Republican Rome," in Roman Readings: Roman Response to Greek Literature from Plautus to Statius and Quintilian (Walter de Gruyter, 2011), p. 130.
^ Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 538.
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality , p. 199.
^ As analyzed by John Pollini, "The Warren Cup: Homoerotic Love and Symposial Rhetoric in Silver," Art Bulletin 81.1 (1999) 21–52.
^ Elizabeth Manwell, "Gender and Masculinity," in A Companion to Catullus (Blackwell, 2007), p. 118.
^ Guillermo Galán Vioque, Martial, Book VII: A Commentary (Brill, 2002), p. 120.
^ Manwell, "Gender and Masculinity," p. 118.
^ Beert C. Verstraete and Vernon Provencal, introduction to Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition (Haworth Press, 2005), p. 3.
^ Jump up to: a b c Williams, Roman Homosexuality , 2nd ed., p. 35.
^ Caroline Vout , Power and Eroticism in Imperial Rome (Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 136 (for Sporus in Alexander Pope 's poem " Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot ", see Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel? ).
^ Butrica, "Some Myths and Anomalies in the Study of Roman Sexuality," p. 231.
^ Christian Laes (2003). "Desperately Different? Delicia Children in the Roman Household". In David L. Balch; Carolyn Osiek (eds.). Early Christian Families in Context: An Interdisciplinary Dialogue . William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 318. ISBN 978-0802839862 .
^ Alison Keith, "Sartorial Elegance and Poetic Finesse in the Sulpician Corpus," in Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture , p. 196.
^ Fernando Navarro Antolín, Lygdamus. Corpus Tibullianum III.1–6: Lygdami Elegiarum Liber (Brill, 1996), pp. 304–307.
^ Vioque, Martial, Book VII , p. 131.
^ William Fitzgerald, Slavery and the Roman Literary Imagination (Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 54.
^ As at Horace , Satire 1.3.45 and Suetonius , Life of Caligula 13, as noted by Dorota M. Dutsch, Feminine Discourse in Roman Comedy: On Echoes and Voices (Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 55. See also Plautus , Poenulus 1292, as noted by Richard P. Saller, "The Social Dynamics of Consent to Marriage and Sexual Relations: The Evidence of Roman Comedy," in Consent and Coercion to Sex and Marriage in Ancient and Medieval Societies (Dumbarton Oaks, 1993), p. 101.
^ The words pullus and puer may derive from the same Indo-European root; see Martin Huld, entry on "child," Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997), p. 107.
^ Amy Richlin , The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor (Oxford University Press, 1983, 1992), p. 289.
^ Festus p. 285 in the 1997 Teubner edition of Lindsay; Williams, Roman Homosexuality , p. 17; Auguste Bouché-Leclercq, Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité (Jérôme Millon, 2003 reprint, originally published 1883), p. 47.
^ Richlin, The Garden of Priapus , p. 289.
^ Richlin, The Garden of Priapus , p. 289, finds Eburnus's reputation as "Jove's chick" and his later excessive severity against the impudicitia of his son to be "thought-provoking".
^ Cicero , Pro Balbo 28; Valerius Maximus 6.1.5–6; Pseudo-Quintilian, Decl. 3.17; Orosius 5.16.8; T.R.S. Broughton , The Magistrates of the Roman Republic (American Philological Association, 1951, 1986), vol. 1, p. 549; Gordon P. Kelly, A History of Exile in the Roman Republic (Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 172–173; Richlin, The Garden of Priapus , p. 289.
^ Williams, Roman Sexuality , p. 17.
^ As at Apuleius , Metamorphoses 9.7; Cicero , Pro Caelio 36 (in reference to his personal enemy Clodius Pulcher ); Adams, The Latin Sexual Vocabulary (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982), pp. 191–192; Katherine A. Geffcken, Comedy in the Pro Caelio (Bolchazy-Carducci, 1995), p. 78.
^ Juvenal, Satire 6.36–37; Erik Gunderson, "The Libidinal Rhetoric of Satire," in The Cambridge Companion to Roman Satire (Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 231.
^ Jump up to: a b Richlin, The Garden of Priapus , p. 169.
^ Glossarium codicis Vatinici, Corpus Glossarum Latinarum IV p. xviii; see Georg Götz, Rheinisches Museum 40 (1885), p. 327.
^ RIchlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 531.
^ RIchlin, The Garden of Priapus , pp. 92, 98, 101.
^ Suetonius , Life of the Divine Julius 52.3; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 532.
^ As quoted by Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World , p. 99.
^ Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World , p. 100.
^ Primarily Amy Richlin, as in "Not before Homosexuality."
^ Plautus, Curculio 482-84
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality , p. 201.
^ As summarized by John R. Clarke, "Representation of the Cinaedus in Roman Art: Evidence of 'Gay' Subculture," in Same-sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity , p. 272.
^ Martial 1.24 and 12.42; Juvenal 2.117–42. Williams, Roman Homosexuality , pp. 28, 280; Karen K. Hersh, The Roman Wedding
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