Teen Mothers

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Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The reality of poor favela's girls who became mothers in the middle of youth and childhood. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The reality of poor favela's girls who became mothers in the middle of youth and childhood. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The reality of poor favela's girls who became mothers in the middle of youth and childhood.
Teen pregnancy, the new epidemic: average film, mandatory viewing
After 3 highly popular fiction films ("Pequeno Dicionário Amoroso", "Amores Possíveis", "Cazuza: O Tempo Não Pára"), director Sandra Werneck returns to the documentary format where she started 3 decades ago. "Meninas" is a portrait of teen pregnancy, a social problem of epidemic proportions in Brazil: in 2005 alone, 628,000 girls under 15 years of age gave birth, according to official data. Werneck chose 4 pregnant teenagers from the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, and filmed them over a year's period. Thus, we meet Luana, 15, who helped her mother raise her four younger sisters, and now wants to be a mother herself. Evelin, 13, sexually active since 11, got pregnant by drug dealer boyfriend (we never see his face), who's trying to go straight but is threatened to be killed by his own gang if he ever does. Luana, 14, got pregnant by her 22 year-old boyfriend, Alex, but there are two problems: Alex also got Luana's neighbor, 15 year-old Joice, pregnant; and Luana's single mother, 40, is also expecting. All those girls live in small, poor, overcrowded tenements but they're not rejected or abandoned by their families; on the contrary, they all have the moral and whatever financial support their parents can give them. These girls have low-standard education but are far from being naive or ignorant: they're pretty much aware about the dangers and delights of sex, about pregnancy prevention methods, condoms, STDs, AIDs, pills. They have social security access to caring doctors and modern medical exams in decent, clean public clinics and hospitals. None of the 4 girls considers abortion, not that they are particularly religious (they aren't), but because teen pregnancy is not an exceptional "accident" in their environment: it's the rule. It's not a rite of passage from childhood to adulthood (most of them lead exactly the same kind of life before and after they give birth). It represents the ephemeral, unrealistic hope of a new beginning, a new life. However, they are in fact perpetuating the ancient cycle of poverty and oppression burdening women of their social class, as they remain "housebound", limited to house chores (cooking, cleaning, nursing) and forced to abandon school to take care of their babies. The fathers' only responsibility is providing them some money -- which they rarely afford to, as most of them are teens themselves, under-employed or unemployed. Werneck totally concentrates on her protagonists and isn't interested in analyzing the social, political and educational context that leads to this appalling situation. The film's neutral, non-judgmental approach is at times disturbingly cold. But with such dramatic events unfolding, it's impossible to remain indifferent to the girls' stories. 13 year-old Evelin is especially mind-boggling : beautiful, precocious, rebellious, strong-willed, it's shocking to see how her violent and unassisted environment has benumbed her. She tells us with a knock-out smile that whenever she hears bullets flying in the frequent confrontations between traffickers and cops in the favela where she lives, she gets so excited she starts dancing around the house (!!!). Fate turns out to be predictably horrifying for her and her trafficker boyfriend: at 13, this unglamorous Lolita has gone through ordeals of a dozen lifetimes. Though rather superficial and self-consciously apolitical, "Meninas" is nevertheless mandatory viewing for the depiction of a harsh, urgent, alarming reality that shows no sign of being dealt with responsibly by public or private powers in Brazil -- a reality that is spreading quickly throughout Third World countries and also, isn't it?, in some of the so-called developed ones up North.
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The public shame her mother experienced is not as severe these days for young women in similar circumstances. Nor should it be, says Arroyo. But, she notes, Latinos are just as concerned as other Americans that too many young people are having babies too early.
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At first I didn't understand the mothers' unbridled enthusiasm for a piñata. But then it hit me -- these teenagers hadn't had the chance to be little girls, because they became mothers too soon.
What adults think about teenagers matters to teenagers -- a lot. If we continue to expect them to have unprotected sex, chances are good that many of them will.
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J Family Reprod Health

v.11(3); 2017 Sep

PMC6045691

J Family Reprod Health. 2017 Sep; 11(3): 165–173.

1 Nursing Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

2 Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence: Mohammad Ali Cheraghi, P.O.BOX. 6459, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1419733171, Iran. ri.ca.smut@ihgarehcm :liamE
Received 2017 Jun; Revised 2017 Sep; Accepted 2017 Sep.

Copyright © Vali-e-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ ) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Key Words: Adolescent Mothers, Challenges, Iran, Qualitative Study, Motherhood, Kerman
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8. Aparicio E, Pecukonis EV, O'Neale S. “The love that I was missing”: Exploring the lived experience of motherhood among teen mothers in foster care. Children and Youth Services Review. 2015; 51 :44–54. [ Google Scholar ]
9. Kagawa R, Deardorff J, Domínguez Esponda R, Craig D, Fernald LC. The Experience of Adolescent Motherhood: An Exploratory Mixed Methods Study. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2017; 73 :2566–76. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
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18. Rani M, Sheoran P, Kumar Y, Singh N. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Pubertal Preparedness Program in Terms of Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Pubertal Changes Among Pre-Adolescent Girls. Journal of Family and Reproductive Health. 2016; 10 :122–8. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
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Articles from Journal of Family & Reproductive Health are provided here courtesy of Tehran University of Medical Sciences
1. Javadifar N, Majlesi F, Nikbakht A, Nedjat S, Montazeri A. Journey toMotherhood in the First Year After Child Birth. J Family Reprod Health. 2016; 10 :146–53. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
2. Williamson JA, McCabe JE, O'Hara MW, Hart KJ, LaPlante DP, King S. Parenting stress in early motherhood: stress spillover and social support. Comprehensive Psychology. 2013; 2 :10–21. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
3. Riva Crugnola C, Ierardi E, Gazzotti S, Albizzati A. Motherhood in adolescent mothers: maternal attachment, mother-infant styles of interaction and emotion regulation at three months. Infant Behav Dev. 2014; 37 :44–56. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
4. Vincent G, Alemu FM. Factors contributing to, and effects of, teenage pregnancy in Juba. South Sudan Medical Journal. 2016; 9 :28–31. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
5. Mohammadi N, Montazeri S, Alaghband Rad J, Ardabili HE, Gharacheh M. Iranian pregnant teenage women tell the story of "fast development": A phenomenological study. Women Birth. 2016; 29 :303–9. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
6. worldbank. Adolescent fertility rate 2016. Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/sp.ado.tfrt . [ Ref list ]
7. Herrman JW, Nandakumar R. Development of a survey to assess adolescent perceptions of teen parenting. Journal of nursing measurement. 2012; 20 :3–20. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
8. Aparicio E, Pecukonis EV, O'Neale S. “The love that I was missing”: Exploring the lived experience of motherhood among teen mothers in foster care. Children and Youth Services Review. 2015; 51 :44–54. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
9. Kagawa R, Deardorff J, Domínguez Esponda R, Craig D, Fernald LC. The Experience of Adolescent Motherhood: An Exploratory Mixed Methods Study. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2017; 73 :2566–76. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
10. Leese M. The bumpy road to ‘becoming’: capturing the stories that teenage mothers told about their journey into motherhood. Child & Family Social Work. 2016; 21 :521–9. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
11. Van Zyl L, Van Der Merwe M, Chigeza S. Adolescents' lived experiences of their pregnancy and parenting in a semi-rural community in the Western Cape. Social Work. 2015; 51 :151–73. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
12. Sekhoetsane KR. The stress of teenage motherhood: the need for multi-faceted intervention programs: Doctoral dissertation. North-West University; 2012. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
13. Vincent G, Alemu FM. Factors contributing to, and effects of, teenage pregnancy in Juba. South Sudan Medical Journal. 2016; 9 :28–31. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
14. Lotse CW. Exploring Experiences of Pregnant Adolescents and Their Utilization of Reproductive Health Services in Ho West District, Ghana: A Salutogenic Approach: Doctoral dissertation. The University of Bergen; 2016. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
15. Watts MCNC, Liamputtong P, Mcmichael C. Early motherhood: a qualitative study exploring the experiences of African Australian teenage mothers in greater Melbourne, Australia. BMC public health. 2015; 15 :873. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
16. Atkinson LD, Peden-McAlpine CJ. Advancing Adolescent Maternal Development: A Grounded Theory. Journal of pediatric nursing. 2014; 29 :168–76. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
17. Sarreira de Oliveira P, Néné M. Nursing care needs in the postpartum period of adolescent mothers: systematic review. Journal of Nursing UFPE on line. 2014; 8 :3953–61. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
18. Rani M, Sheoran P, Kumar Y, Singh N. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Pubertal Preparedness Program in Terms of Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Pubertal Changes Among Pre-Adolescent Girls. Journal of Family and Reproductive Health. 2016; 10 :122–8. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
19. Diaconescu S, Ciuhodaru T, Cazacu C, Sztankovszky L-Z, Kantor C, Iorga M. Teenage Mothers, an Increasing Social Phenomenon in Romania. Causes, Consequences and Solutions. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala. 2015; 51 :162–75. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
20. Morse JM. Critical analysis of strategies for determining rigor in qualitative inquiry. Qualitative health research. 2015; 25 :1212–22. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
21. Khanam K, Laskar BI. Causes and Consequences of Child Marriage–A Study of Milannagar Shantipur Village in Goalpara District. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research in Science Society and Culture(IJIRSSC) 2015; 1 :100–9. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
22. Al-Sahab B, Heifetz M, Tamim H, Bohr Y, Connolly J. Prevalence and characteristics of teen motherhood in Canada. Maternal and child health journal. 2012; 16 :228–34. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
23. Barmao-Kiptanui C, Kindiki JN, Lelan JK. Impact of teenage motherhood on the academic performance in public primary schools in Bungoma County, Kenya. International Journal of Educational Administration and Po
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