Teen Get Pregnant

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Teenage pregnancy rate in the United States by age group in 2013. [13]
This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2019 )

^ Jump up to: a b Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J. (April 10, 2012). "Birth Rates for U.S. Teenagers Reach Historic Lows for All Age and Ethnic Groups" . NCHS Data Brief . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (89): 1–8. PMID 22617115 . Retrieved April 18, 2012 .

^ Jump up to: a b Adolescent Pregnancy (PDF) . World Health Organization. 2004. p. 5. ISBN 978-9241591454 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "Adolescent pregnancy" . World Health Organization . 23 February 2018 . Retrieved 2 November 2018 .

^ Jump up to: a b Oringanje, Chioma; Meremikwu, Martin M; Eko, Hokehe; Esu, Ekpereonne; Meremikwu, Anne; Ehiri, John E (3 February 2016). "Interventions for preventing unintended pregnancies among adolescents". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 2 : CD005215. doi : 10.1002/14651858.cd005215.pub3 . PMID 26839116 .

^ "Can a Girl Get Pregnant if She Has Never Had Her Period?" .

^ "Medscape: Medscape Access" .

^ Jump up to: a b c d Mayor S (2004). "Pregnancy and childbirth are leading causes of death in teenage girls in developing countries" . BMJ . 328 (7449): 1152. doi : 10.1136/bmj.328.7449.1152-a . PMC 411126 . PMID 15142897 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d Makinson C (1985). "The health consequences of teenage fertility". Family Planning Perspectives . 17 (3): 132–139. doi : 10.2307/2135024 . JSTOR 2135024 . PMID 2431924 .

^ Loto OM, Ezechi OC, Kalu BK, Loto A, Ezechi L, Ogunniyi SO (2004). "Poor obstetric performance of teenagers: Is it age- or quality of care-related?". Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology . 24 (4): 395–398. doi : 10.1080/01443610410001685529 . PMID 15203579 . S2CID 43808921 .

^ Abalkhail BA (1995). "Adolescent pregnancy: Are there biological barriers for pregnancy outcomes?". The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association . 70 (5–6): 609–625. PMID 17214178 .

^ Jump up to: a b "Young mothers face stigma and abuse, say charities" . 2014-02-25.

^ International technical guidance on sexuality education: An evidence-informed approach (PDF) . Paris: UNESCO. 2018. p. 18. ISBN 978-92-3-100259-5 .

^ Kost, K., Maddow-Zimet, I., & Arpaia, A. (2017). Pregnancies, births, and abortions among adolescents and young women in the United States, 2013: National and state trends by age, race and ethnicity . Washington, DC: Guttmacher Institute. Lay summary at ChildTrends.org

^ Jump up to: a b Kost K, Henshaw S, Carlin L (2010). "U.S. Teenage Pregnancies, Births and Abortions: National and State Trends and Trends by Race and Ethnicity" (PDF) . Pregnancies are the sum of births, abortions and miscarriages. Please note that in these tables, "age" refers to the woman’s age when the pregnancy ended. Consequently, actual numbers of pregnancies that occurred among teenagers are higher than those reported here, because most of the women who conceived at age 19 had their births or abortions after they turned 20 and, thus, were not counted as teenagers. Cite journal requires |journal= ( help )

^ Lappegård, Trude (15 March 2000). "New fertility trends in Norway". Demographic Research . 2 . doi : 10.4054/DemRes.2000.2.3 . JSTOR 26348001 .

^ Alex Hern (2015-06-23). "Is broadband responsible for falling teenage pregnancy rates?" . The Guardian .

^ "PRESIDENT WILLIAM JEFFERSON CLINTON STATE OF THE UNION ADDRESS" . clintonwhitehouse4.archives.gov .

^ Jump up to: a b c "Adolescent Pregnancy" . UNFPA. 2013.

^ Jump up to: a b c "Adolescent pregnancy - UNFPA - United Nations Population Fund" .

^ Stepp, G. (2009) Teen Pregnancy: The Tangled Web . vision.org

^ "Few teens use the most effective types of birth control| CDC Online Newsroom | CDC" . www.cdc.gov . 2015-04-07 . Retrieved 2017-07-26 .

^ "American Teens' Sexual and Reproductive Health" . Guttmacher Institute . 2016-06-01 . Retrieved 2017-07-26 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. (2002). "Not Just Another Single Issue: Teen Pregnancy Prevention's Link to Other Critical Social Issues" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-28. (147 KB) . Retrieved May 27, 2006.

^ Hofferth SL, Reid L, Mott FL (2001). "The effects of early childbearing on schooling over time". Family Planning Perspectives . 33 (6): 259–267. doi : 10.2307/3030193 . JSTOR 3030193 . PMID 11804435 .

^ "The Psychological Effects of Teenage Women During Pregnancy" . Archived from the original on 2009-01-16 . Retrieved 2009-01-05 .

^ "Statistics on Teen Pregnancy". National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy

^ Jump up to: a b c Cornelius MD, Goldschmidt L, Willford JA, Leech SL, Larkby C, Day NL (2008). "Body Size and Intelligence in 6-year-olds: Are Offspring of Teenage Mothers at Risk?" . Maternal and Child Health Journal . 13 (6): 847–856. doi : 10.1007/s10995-008-0399-0 . PMC 2759844 . PMID 18683038 .

^ Kalmuss DS, Namerow PB (1994). "Subsequent childbearing among teenage mothers: the determinants of a closely spaced second birth". Fam Plann Perspect . 26 (4): 149–53, 159. doi : 10.2307/2136238 . JSTOR 2136238 . PMID 7957815 .

^ Gibbs, CM.; Wendt, A.; Peters, S.; Hogue, CJ. (Jul 2012). "The impact of early age at first childbirth on maternal and infant health" . Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol . 26 Suppl 1: 259–84. doi : 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2012.01290.x . PMC 4562289 . PMID 22742615 .

^ Jump up to: a b American Academy Of Pediatrics. Committee On Adolescence Committee On Early Childhood Adoption, Dependent Care (2001). "American Academy of Pediatrics: Care of adolescent parents and their children". Pediatrics . 107 (2): 429–34. doi : 10.1542/peds.107.2.429 . PMID 11158485 .

^ Hofferth SL, Reid L (2002). "Early Childbearing and Children's Achievement And Behavior over Time". Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health . 34 (1): 41–49. doi : 10.2307/3030231 . JSTOR 3030231 . PMID 11990638 . S2CID 13558045 .

^ Crockenberg S (1987). "Predictors and correlates of anger toward and punitive control of toddlers by adolescent mothers". Child Dev . 58 (4): 964–75. doi : 10.2307/1130537 . JSTOR 1130537 . PMID 3608666 .

^ Jump up to: a b Furstenberg FF, Levine JA, Brooks-Gunn J (1990). "The children of teenage mothers: patterns of early childbearing in two generations". Fam Plann Perspect . 22 (2): 54–61. doi : 10.2307/2135509 . JSTOR 2135509 . PMID 2347409 .

^ Maynard, Rebecca A. (Ed.). (1996). Kids Having Kids Archived 2005-11-26 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved May 27, 2006.

^ Scholl TO, Hediger ML, Belsky DH (1994). "Prenatal care and maternal health during adolescent pregnancy: A review and meta-analysis". The Journal of Adolescent Health . 15 (6): 444–456. doi : 10.1016/1054-139X(94)90491-K . PMID 7811676 .

^ Banerjee B, Pandey G, Dutt D, Sengupta B, Mondal M, Deb S (2009). "Teenage pregnancy: A socially inflicted health hazard" . Indian Journal of Community Medicine . 34 (3): 227–231. doi : 10.4103/0970-0218.55289 . PMC 2800903 . PMID 20049301 .

^ Guttmacher Institute. (1999, September). Teen Sex and Pregnancy Archived 2005-04-03 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved May 29, 2006.

^ Sterling, Sandra P. (2009). "Contraceptive Use Among Adolescent Latinas Living in the United States: The Impact of Culture and Acculturation". Journal of Pediatric Health Care . 23 (1): 19–28. doi : 10.1016/j.pedhc.2008.02.004 . PMID 19103403 .

^ Raatikainen K, Heiskanen N, Verkasalo PK, Heinonen S (2005). "Good outcome of teenage pregnancies in high-quality maternity care". The European Journal of Public Health . 16 (2): 157–161. doi : 10.1093/eurpub/cki158 . PMID 16141302 .

^ Gutierrez Y, King JC (1993). "Nutrition during teenage pregnancy". Pediatric Annals . 22 (2): 99–108. doi : 10.3928/0090-4481-19930201-07 . PMID 8493060 .

^ Sanchez PA, Idrisa A, Bobzom DN, Airede A, Hollis BW, Liston DE, Jones DD, Dasgupta A, Glew RH (1997). "Calcium and vitamin D status of pregnant teenagers in Maiduguri, Nigeria" . Journal of the National Medical Association . 89 (12): 805–811. PMC 2608295 . PMID 9433060 .

^ Peña E, Sánchez A, Solano L (2003). "Profile of nutritional risk in pregnant adolescents". Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion . 53 (2): 141–149. PMID 14528603 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Locoh, Thérèse (1999). "Early Marriage and Motherhood in Sub-Saharan Africa" . African Environment . 10 (3): 31–42. doi : 10.4314/ae.v10i3.22558 (inactive 31 May 2021). S2CID 70677057 . CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2021 ( link )

^ Jump up to: a b United Nations Population Fund (2014). "Population and poverty" . Retrieved 22 March 2019 .

^ United States Department of Health and Human Services (2016). "Negative Impacts of Teen Childbearing" . Retrieved 22 March 2019 .

^ O’Halloran, Peggy (April 1998) Pregnancy, Poverty, School and Employment . moappp.org. Retrieved 2011-12-03.

^ Coley RL, Chase-Lansdale PL (1998). "Adolescent pregnancy and parenthood. Recent evidence and future directions". The American Psychologist . 53 (2): 152–166. doi : 10.1037/0003-066X.53.2.152 . PMID 9491745 .

^ Social Exclusion Unit. (1999). Teenage Pregnancy . Retrieved May 29, 2006.

^ Teenage pregnancy . everychildmatters.gov.uk

^ Jump up to: a b c d Mehta, Suman; Groenen, Riet; Roque, Francisco (1998). "Adolescents in Changing Times: Issues and Perspectives for Adolescent Reproductive Health in The ESCAP Region" . United Nations Social and Economic Commission for Asia and the Pacific. Archived from the original on 2012-02-11 . Retrieved July 7, 2006 . Cite journal requires |journal= ( help )

^ MacLeod, C. (1999). "The 'Causes' of Teenage Pregnancy: Review of South African Research – Part 2". South African Journal of Psychology . 29 : 8–16. doi : 10.1177/008124639902900102 . S2CID 144455158 .

^ Fog, A. (1999-02-28). Cultural Selection . ISBN 9780792355793 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h UNICEF. (2001). "A League Table of Teenage Births in Rich Nations" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-06-29. (888 KB) . Retrieved July 7, 2006.

^ Jump up to: a b Beginning Too Soon: Adolescent Sexual Behavior, Pregnancy And Parenthood , US Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved January 25, 2007.

^ Jump up to: a b Teenage Mothers : Decisions and Outcomes – Provides a unique review of how teenage mothers think Archived 2017-03-24 at the Wayback Machine Policy Studies Institute, University of Westminster, 30 Oct 1998

^ Guttmacher Institute. (2005). Sex and Relationships . Retrieved August 8, 2006. [ clarification needed ]

^ Avci, Ilknur Aydin; Cavusoglu, Figen; Aydin, Mesiya; Altay, Birsen (17 January 2018). "Attitude and practice of family planning methods among Roma women living in northern Turkey" . International Journal of Nursing Sciences . 5 (1): 33–38. doi : 10.1016/j.ijnss.2018.01.002 . PMC 6626220 . PMID 31406798 .

^ East PL (1996). "Do adolescent pregnancy and childbearing affect younger siblings?". Family Planning Perspectives . 28 (4): 148–153. doi : 10.2307/2136190 . JSTOR 2136190 . PMID 8853279 .

^ Jump up to: a b East PL, Jacobson LJ (2001). "The younger siblings of teenage mothers: a follow-up of their pregnancy risk" . Dev Psychol . 37 (2): 254–64. doi : 10.1037/0012-1649.37.2.254 . PMC 3878983 . PMID 11269393 .

^ East, P. L. (1998). "Impact of Adolescent Childbearing on Families and Younger Sibling: Effects that Increase Younger Siblings' Risk for Early Pregnancy". Applied Developmental Science . 2 (2): 62–74. doi : 10.1207/s1532480xads0202_1 .

^ "Teenage pregnancy is 'contagious ' " . BBC News . August 9, 2011.

^ Jump up to: a b Guttmacher Institute (2003) In Their Own Right: Addressing the Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs of Men Worldwide. Archived 2013-09-27 at the Wayback Machine pp. 19–21.

^ Jump up to: a b "U.S.Teen Sexual Activity" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-16. (147 KB) Kaiser Family Foundation, January 2005. Retrieved 23 Jan 2007

^ Jump up to: a b c d The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. (1997). What the Polling Data Tell Us: A Summary of Past Surveys on Teen Pregnancy . teenpregnancy.org (April 1997).

^ Allen, Colin. (May 22, 2003). " Peer Pressure and Teen Sex ." Psychology Today. Retrieved July 14, 2006.

^ Theuri, Joseph and Nzioka, David (2021). Alcohol and drug abuse as ecological predictors of risk taking behaviour among secondary school students in Kajiado North Sub-County, Kajiado County, Kenya. African Journal of Empirical Research, 2 (1), 50-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51867/ajer.v2i1.9

^ Jump up to: a b c Besharov, D. J.; Gardiner, K. N. (1997). "Trends in Teen Sexual Behavior". Children and Youth Services Review . 19 (5–6): 341–367. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.673.5213 . doi : 10.1016/S0190-7409(97)00022-4 . PMID 12295352 .

^ Sax, Leonard (2005) Why Gender Matters . Doubleday books, p. 128, ISBN 0786176814

^ Deardorff, J; Gonzales, NA; Christopher, FS; Roosa, MW; Millsap, RE (2005). "Early puberty and adolescent pregnancy: the influence of alcohol use". Pediatrics . 116 (6): 1451–6. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.558.9628 . doi : 10.1542/peds.2005-0542 . PMID 16322170 . S2CID 36296702 .

^ Slater, Jon. (2000). " Britain: Sex Education Under Fire ." The UNESCO Courier Retrieved July 7, 2006.

^ Adams, A.; D'Souza, R. (2009). "Teenage contraception". General Practice Update . 2 (6): 36–39.

^ Jump up to: a b National Surveys of Family Growth Trussell J, Wynn LL (January 2008). "Reducing unintended pregnancy in the United States" . Contraception . 77 (1): 1–5. doi : 10.1016/j.contraception.2007.09.001 . PMID 18082659 . Archived from the original on 2018-08-19 . Retrieved 2008-09-08 .

^ Jump up to: a b Speidel, J. J.; Harper, C. C.; Shields, W. C. (2008). "The potential of long-acting reversible contraception to decrease unintended pregnancy". Contraception . 78 (3): 197–200. doi : 10.1016/j.contraception.2008.06.001 . PMID 18692608 .

^ Sterling, Sandra P. (2009). "Contraceptive Use Among Adolescent Latinas Living in the United States: The Impact of Culture and Acculturation". Journal of Pediatric Health Care . 23 (1): 19–28. doi : 10.1016/j.pedhc.2008.02.004 . PMID 19103403 .

^ Biggs, M. A.; Karasek, D; Foster, D. G. (2012). "Unprotected intercourse among women wanting to avoid pregnancy: Attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs". Women's Health Issues . 22 (3): e311–8. doi : 10.1016/j.whi.2012.03.003 . PMID 22555219 .

^ Jump up to: a b Darroch, Jacqueline E.; Jennifer J. Frost; Susheela Singh. "Teenage Sexual and Reproductive Behavior in Developed Countries: Can More Progress Be Made?" (PDF) . The Alan Guttmacher Institute . Retrieved 14 February 2011 .

^ "Teenage pregnancy myth dismissed" . BBC News . January 22, 2007 . Retrieved May 25, 2010 .

^ Jump up to: a b "Teen Pregnancy" (2004) in Encyclopedia of Women's Health .

^ Speizer, I. S.; Pettifor, A; Cummings, S; MacPhail, C; Kleinschmidt, I; Rees, H. V. (2009). "Sexual violence and reproductive health outcomes among South African female youths: A contextual analysis" . American Journal of Public Health . 99 Suppl 2: S425–31. doi : 10.2105/AJPH.2008.136606 . PMC 3515795 . PMID 19372525 .

^ Cullinan, Kerry Teen mothers often forced into sex . www.csa.za.org. 23 November 2003

^ Saewyc EM, Magee LL, Pettingell SE (2004). "Teenage pregnancy and associated risk behaviors among sexually abused adolescents". Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health . 36 (3): 98–105. doi : 10.1363/3609804 . PMID 15306268 .

^ Saewyc, E. M.; Magee, L. L.; Pettingell, S. E. (2004). "Teenage pregnancy and associated risk behaviors among sexually abused adolescents". Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health . 36 (3): 98–105. doi : 10.1363/3609804 . PMID 15306268 .

^ Study Links Childhood Sexual Abuse, Teen Pregnancy Archived 2012-06-29 at archive.today University of Southern California, Science Blog, 2004

^ Rosen D (2004). " " I Just Let Him Have His Way" Partner Violence in the Lives of Low-Income, Teenage Mothers". Violence Against Women . 10 (1): 6–28. doi : 10.1177/1077801203256069 . S2CID 72957028 .

^ Quinlivan J (Winter 2006). "Teenage pregnancy" (PDF) . O&G . 8 (2): 25–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2008 . Retrieved 2009-06-22 .

^ Violence, Abuse and Adolescent Childbearing Archived 2013-09-27 at the Wayback Machine . Florida State University Center for Prevention & Early Intervention Policy (2005)

^ Indicator: Births per 1000 women (aged 15–19) – 2002 UNFPA, State of World Population 2003. Retrieved Jan 22, 2007.

^ " Teenage Conceptions By Small Area Deprivation In England and Wales 2001-2 " (Spring 2007) Health Statistics Quarterly Volume 33

^ Males, Mike (2001) America’s Pointless "Teen Sex" Squabble , c Youth Today.

^ Teen Births Cost U.S. Government $9.1B In 2004 Despite Drop In Teen Birth, Pregnancy Rates, Report Says Archived 2011-05-12 at the Wayback Machine . Medical News Today . Retrieved 2011-12-03.

^ Smith, Carolyn (1996). "The link between childhood maltreatment and teenage pregnancy". Social Work Research . 20 (3): 131–141. doi : 10.1093/swr/20.3.131 .

^ Tamkins, T. (2004) Teenage pregnancy risk rises with childhood exposure to family strife Archived 2007-11-04 at the Wayback Machine Perspectives on Sexual and Re
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