Teagan Trex

Teagan Trex
Mid- and Late Holocene vegetation dynamics and fire history in the boreal forest of European Russia: A case study from Meshchera Lowlands
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Climate, fire, and human activities strongly affected the development of vegetation communities during the Holocene, yet the relative importance of these individual factors remains unclear in many areas. This paper presents new multi-proxy records of environmental change for the Meshchera Lowlands (the central part of the East European Plain) during the Holocene. Changes in regional vegetation during the Mid- and Late Holocene were influenced by climate, fire regime and human impact, as indicated by pollen, plant macrofossil, charcoal and testate amoebae analysis from several peat cores, along with reconstruction of tree cover from pollen assemblages. Since 8500 cal yr BP, the vegetation history represented a series of consecutive phases of birch, birch-pine and pine-broadleaf forests, with introduction of spruce after 2500 cal yr BP. Maximal abundance of broadleaf tree species was detected from 4700 to 2000 cal yr BP. Vegetation dynamics were strongly influenced by human activity since 1400 cal yr BP. High fire frequency was recorded for the periods 8500–4500 cal yr BP and 3500–2000 cal yr BP, when the fire return interval varied from 40 to 80 years. Since 2000 cal yr BP, the fire return period exceeded 500 years suggesting a significant decline in fire frequency during the last two millennia.
... Tree species that have seeds that are easily dispersed by the wind and that have a fast turnover of generations, thus Betula spp., Pinus sylvestris, and Salix spp., were the pioneers that became established: Betula spp. and Pinus sylvestris prevail in the palynological data of this period (Neyshtadt 1957;Khotinskiy 1977;Grichuk 1989;Khotinskiy et al. 1991;Borisova 2008; Novenko 2016) . Thus, at the end of the Late Pleistocene, the extinction of the megafauna together with a warming-up led to the beginning of the forest cover development over European Russia and Eastern Europe as a whole. ...
... Trees continued their expansion. Besides pioneer trees with fast dissemination, dark coniferous (Picea spp., first of all) and broad-leaved tree species of the genera Quercus, Ulmus, Tilia, Carpinus, Alnus, and Corylus appeared and begin to dominate in the palynological data of that time (Serebryannyi 1969;Serebryannaya 1978;Khotinskiy 1977; Novenko 2016; etc.). Forest communities covered most of Eastern Europe except for the northernmost areas, though large herbivores supporting open landscapes were also widespread over the entire region. ...
... In turn, the increase in forest cover promoted the increase in the number of forest animals, such as wild boar (Sus scrofa), red deer (Cervus elaphus), elk (Alces alces), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), European bison (Bison bonasus), brown bear (Ursus arctos), squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris), and other forest species (ibidem). On the whole, according to palynological data of the Early Holocene, forests in the Russian Plain covered on average between 30 and 55% of the area (Novenko 2016) . Probably these low values of forest coverage were a consequence of the suppression of forest vegetation by large herbivores, but it may also have resulted from fires, first of all human-induced fires, which occurred at high frequencies on sands, especially in the Polesie region, as is indicated by carbonaceous layers in columns of peat deposits (Novenko et al. 2016). ...
... The Meshchyora lowlands is an area of modern slow tectonic subsidence situated at an absolute height of 90-150 meters; the crystalline basement is overlain by up to 60 meters of Quaternary deposits. The area relates to the Polessya type of landscapes, where thick layers of fluvioglacial deposits formed during the Dnieper-Moscow glacial epoch and underlain by moraine sediments of Don riverbed age prevail as a lithogenic base [18, 19] . Widespread distribution of fluvioglacial sands creates favourable conditions for southern taiga pine forests. ...
... Widespread distribution of fluvioglacial sands creates favourable conditions for southern taiga pine forests. However, practically all forest communities (except floodplain communities) are at different stages of regeneration succession after fires and logging [19, 20]. Mapping the local geosystem was performed in the 1970s using a 1 : 2000 scale topographic survey, aerial photography, a series of soil sampling and descriptions of sparse boreholes along with the palaeogeographical works [21,22]. ...
... These depressions are more characteristic for the moraine landscape and are practically not found on the outwash plain. These results support modern palaeogeographical studies in that area and bring new data on sediments evolution to climate-vegetation reconstructions [19] . The intense land use of the area during the historical time (late XVI-XXI centuries) [20] results in modification of the vegetation and the first upper meter of the section. ...
This work aims to verify and correct the boundary between two landscapes—moraine and outwash plain—delineated earlier by the classical landscape approach. The initial interpretation of the boundary caused controversy due to the appearance of the thermokarst depression in the outwash landscape. The lithological structure is one of the main factors of landscape differentiation. The classical approach includes drilling to obtain the lithological and sedimentary data. However, the boreholes are usually shallow, while geophysical methods allow to look deeper into the subsurface and improve our knowledge about lithological structure and stratigraphy. In this study, we use ground-penetrating radar with a peak frequency of 250 and 50 MHz and detailed electrical resistivity tomography (with 1 m electrode spacing) in addition to the landscape mapping and drilling to correct the landscape boundary position. We conclude that it is primarily defined by the subsurface boundary between lithological complexes of clayish moraine deposits and sandy outwash deposits located at 7 m depth. Moving the boundary to the northeast by 70–100 m from the current position removes inconsistencies and clarifies the history of the area's formation in the Quaternary.
... The long-term fire history of the study area was reconstructed based on studies of visible charcoal bands in the peat core (Ohlson et al., 2006;Pitkänen et al., 2001). We propose that charcoal layers in our core from the centre of the peatland indicate local burning which affected the peatland directly rather than simply the surrounding forest (Novenko et al., 2016) . The core was described and photographed immediately after extraction and the depths of visible layers recorded. ...
... The moderately eutrophic S. palustre remained a significant component in the assemblage for about 800 years after peatland initiation. This pattern appears similar to other peatlands in the East European Plain (Inisheva et al., 2013; Novenko et al., 2016; Payne et al., 2016). ...
... This abundance of apparent burning events is apparently unusual within the Holocene and cannot be explained by low rates of peat accumulation. The prevalence of fires in the early Holocene is attested by other records from the Meshchera Lowlands (Novenko et al., 2016) . It is interesting to speculate whether this burning may be related to the apparent timing of peat initiation. ...
Climate and human activity affected significantly the Eurasian on the forest vegetation zone through the Holocene. This paper presents new multi-proxy records of environmental changes at the southern boundary of the mixed coniferous broadleaved forest zone in the east-central part of the East European Plain during the middle and late Holocene. Palaeoecological analyses of a peat core for pollen, charcoal, peat humification, plant macrofossils and testate amoebae with dating using radiocarbon have shown that climate appears to have been a dominant control on vegetation. There is strong evidence for a reduced precipitation–evapotranspiration ratio and high fire frequency during the Holocene thermal maximum (6.9–5.3 ka BP), leading to dominance of Betula–Pinus forests. By contrast subsequent climatic cooling led to the expansion of broadleaved forests and establishment of Picea. Human activities influenced vegetation from the Neolithic onwards but played a role which was secondary to climate until the recent past. Over the last century, human impacts considerably increased because of harvesting of broadleaved trees and contributed to the formation of the current mixed coniferous broadleaved forests.
... Understanding the ongoing environmental changes and assessing the possible future trends demand improved reconstructions of Holocene environmental history, both qualitative and quantitative (Sugita et al., 1999). The degree and character of transformation of natural vegetation are among them, in particular, in forest-steppe interface zone, which is very sensitive to any impact because most of the species there located on the extreme range of their distribution (Serebryannaya, 1976;Klimanov and Serebryannaya, 1986;Feurdean et al., 2015;Novenko et al., 2016a Novenko et al., , 2016b . Besides, reconstructions of pre-and early-agrarian landscapes give valuable information to better understand the degree of disturbance of contemporary ecosystems in densely populated regions since the onset of human-environment interface and allow assessing the scales and consequences (Bader, 1970;Behre, 1988;Sugita et al., 1999;Kaplan et al., 2009;Novenko et al., 2014b). ...
... Over the past decades, a new data on retrospective scenario of the dynamics of forest-steppe ecotone of the East-European Plain in the Holocene based on multi-proxy studies of peat sections appeared U N C O R R E C T E D P R O O F (Borisova et al., 2006;Novenko et al., 2009Novenko et al., , 20122014a, 2014b, 2016a , 2016b are among them). Our present study focuses on the eastern periphery of Bryansko-Zhizdrinskoye Polesye, known as Orlovskoye Polesye (hereafter OP), within which the largest forest area preserved as National Park in the Oryol Region. ...
... Map of the Oka River catchment area. 1-Studied peat sequence in the OPNP; 2-Holocene peat sequences, mentioned in the text: A-the Selikhovo mire in the Oryol region (Novenko et al., 2016b) , B-the Klukva peatland in the Tula region (Novenko et al., 2015). Vegetation zones are presented according Gribova et al. (1980). ...
Using the territory of the Orlovskoye Polesye National Park as a case study within the catchment basin of the Oka River (Mid-Russian Uplands, Oryol Region, Russia), we obtained palaeoecological data for studying response of forest landscapes within the forest-steppe ecotone to climate change and human impact through the Late Holocene. The paper presents reconstruction of environmental change on a local to regional scales based on plant macrofossil, spore-pollen and testate amoeba records from a peat core along with reconstruction of woodland coverage inferred from pollen data. Over the past 4000 years, the total woodland coverage has fluctuated insignificantly, ranging from 38 to 52%, while the structure of the forest has changed radically. Prior to 1500 cal. yr BP, both birch-pine and mixed temperate deciduous forests of oak, elm, ash and lime with Scots pine and well-developed shrub understory of hazel and alder grew in the region. The subsequent agricultural colonization of the territory led to a reduction of a broadleaved trees in forest stands since 1500 cal. yr BP. During the last few centuries, human activity largely associated with cutting/burning trees and farming favored the expansion of secondary forests dominated by birch.
... Tree species that have seeds that are easily dispersed by the wind and that have a fast turnover of generations, thus Betula spp., Pinus sylvestris, and Salix spp., were the pioneers that became established: Betula spp. and Pinus sylvestris prevail in the palynological data of this period (Neyshtadt 1957;Khotinskiy 1977;Grichuk 1989;Khotinskiy et al. 1991;Borisova 2008; Novenko 2016) . Thus, at the end of the Late Pleistocene, the extinction of the megafauna together with a warming-up led to the beginning of the forest cover development over European Russia and Eastern Europe as a whole. ...
... Trees continued their expansion. Besides pioneer trees with fast dissemination, dark coniferous (Picea spp., first of all) and broad-leaved tree species of the genera Quercus, Ulmus, Tilia, Carpinus, Alnus, and Corylus appeared and begin to dominate in the palynological data of that time (Serebryannyi 1969;Serebryannaya 1978;Khotinskiy 1977; Novenko 2016; etc.). Forest communities covered most of Eastern Europe except for the northernmost areas, though large herbivores supporting open landscapes were also widespread over the entire region. ...
... In turn, the increase in forest cover promoted the increase in the number of forest animals, such as wild boar (Sus scrofa), red deer (Cervus elaphus), elk (Alces alces), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), European bison (Bison bonasus), brown bear (Ursus arctos), squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris), and other forest species (ibidem). On the whole, according to palynological data of the Early Holocene, forests in the Russian Plain covered on average between 30 and 55% of the area (Novenko 2016) . Probably these low values of forest coverage were a consequence of the suppression of forest vegetation by large herbivores, but it may also have resulted from fires, first of all human-induced fires, which occurred at high frequencies on sands, especially in the Polesie region, as is indicated by carbonaceous layers in columns of peat deposits (Novenko et al. 2016). ...
The history of forest landscapes in European Russia since the time of the Late Pleistocene is shortly reviewed. Human activities are considered a leading factor in the changes of the forest landscape. The main stages of transformation of the European Russian forests in the Holocene are related to the development of the production economy of people. It is shown that anthropogenic impacts caused the segregation of nearly the entire biotic cover of Eastern Europe into several (three) forest regions and two groups of communities, closed forests vs. communities of open and semi-open landscapes, which require human assistance for their maintenance.
... LOI data provide an indicator of mineral input into the peatland and so have been interpreted to signify disturbance of vegetation cover (Chambers et al., 2010(Chambers et al., , 2011. Our previous studies have shown that an increase of mineral input in omrotrophic peatland indicates an appearance of bare ground and vegetation disturbance in the adjacent area (Novenko et al., 2015 (Novenko et al., , 2016 . ...
... A progressive increase in both microscopic and macroscopic charcoal since 3500 cal yr BP was traced by Molinari et al. (2013) based on 156 sedimentary charcoal records from lakes and peat bogs across Europe. A significant increase in fire activity in this time was recorded at many sites throughout Fennoscandia (Clear et al., 2014) in south-eastern Estonia (Niinemets and Saarse, 2009) and in Meshchera Lowlands in central European Russia (Novenko et al., 2016) . ...
... Vegetation disturbances were associated with intensive biomass burning (Robin et al., 2013;Clear et al., 2014;Lehndorff et al., 2015). At the southern border of the broadleaved vegetation zone and in the forest-steppe on the Mid-Russian uplands, the beginning of significant changes in vegetation cover and high fire activity have been traced by pollen and charcoal data in the interval from 2500 to 1700 cal yr BP (Shumilovskikh et al., 2017; Novenko et al., 2016 Novenko et al., , 2018. Since the Early Iron Age, crop cultivation has become the common practice in European forests (Khotinski, 1993). ...
Climate change and human activity considerably influenced the temperate European deciduous forests through the Holocene, with the anthropogenic impacts being detected even in currently protected areas. This paper is focused on the area of the Kaluzhskiye Zaseki Nature Reserve, which contains remnants of primary broadleaved forests in central European Russia. Here, we present a new multi-proxy record including pollen, plant macrofossils, charcoal, loss on ignition and radiocarbon dating from the Mochulya peatland supplemented by 14 radiocarbon dates of charcoal fragments from soil pits in the study area. The results show that Mochulya peatland was a fen throughout the most of the time it existed. During the last 4200 cal yr BP the study area was occupied by broadleaved forests of Quercus, Ulmus, and Tilia. Picea became relatively abundant after 2300 cal yr BP. Despite the long-term human impact, vegetation fragments of these forests have persisted in the area until the present. Three main periods of deforestation and frequent fires were identified: 3700–3200 cal yr BP, 2000–1600 cal yr BP (the Early Iron Age) and 1000–400 cal yr BP (the Medieval Period). Whereas human-induced vegetation changes were apparent during the last two periods, vegetation dynamics during 3700–3200 cal yr BP were likely caused, at least in part, by climatic factors.
... Therefore, we selected Pinus sylvestris forests on sandy soils in the Meshchera Lowlands as the object of our investigation. The general purpose of our research was to study the history of ecosystems in the Meshchera Lowlands and to assess natural and anthropogenic factors of ecosystem dynamics in the Holocene, that would be compliment earlier paleoecological reconstructions executed on samples from surrounding peats (Dyakonov and Abramova, 1998;Abramova, 1999; Novenko et al., 2016) . Therefore we also compared results of soil charcoal analysis with pollen and microscopic charcoal analysis of the cores taken in surrounding peats (Novenko et al., 2016). ...
... The general purpose of our research was to study the history of ecosystems in the Meshchera Lowlands and to assess natural and anthropogenic factors of ecosystem dynamics in the Holocene, that would be compliment earlier paleoecological reconstructions executed on samples from surrounding peats (Dyakonov and Abramova, 1998;Abramova, 1999;Novenko et al., 2016). Therefore we also compared results of soil charcoal analysis with pollen and microscopic charcoal analysis of the cores taken in surrounding peats (Novenko et al., 2016) . ...
... The study area is located in the Pra River basin. Undulating, moraine-fluvio-glacial plains formed by the Middle Pleistocene (MIS 6) deposits of varying thickness and drainage condition prevail in the area (Novenko et al., 2016) . The highest elevations in the relief are occupied by eolian-fluvio-glacial hilly plains and small ridges. ...
Pedoanthracological methods have never been used for studying natural and anthropogenic factors of ecosystem dynamics in the area of the Middle Russian Upland. The article presents results of the first study of soil charcoal stratigraphy, taxonomy, and radiocarbon dating combined with morphological analysis of soil profiles performed for sandy soil (Podzols and Arenosols) in the Meshchera Lowlands. Charcoal samples from different soil patterns and horizons were taken from 19 soil pits in four forest sites. The taxonomic identification of charcoals was performed for 24 soil samples; 12 charcoal samples were radiocarbon-dated. The following three patterns of ancient pedoturbations were studied in the soil profiles: arable layers, root channels, and pits formed after treefalls with uprooting. Results of soil charcoal analy
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