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He says he would stop cars and offer to sing to them for a few pesos in Guadalajara, but has now won seven Latin Grammys and one Grammy. Vicente was born in huentitan el alto Jalisco, Mexico February 17 Pedro infant was a. On January 9, a homicide investigation started when a body was discovered and an area off of road in Park County, Wyo. But this was not just a regular homicide. This homicide was different that any homicide that any of the law enforcement have ever dealt with in Park County Wyoming. He was. In the essay Outlaw Jose Antonio Vargas reveals his life as an illegal ilmmigrant and sharing the struggles he faced during his career as a journalist. At the age of twelve Vargas migrated to America accompanied by a man who was introduced to him as his uncle. Growing up with his grandparents, he dedicated his time into improving his English. By the time he applied for driving school, Vargas was sixteen and still oblivious to the fact that his green card was a fake; among all other documents his grandfather had purchased. However, Vargas excelled in school in extra-curricular activities and building up a small network of people whom he trusted and confided his secret in. Cesar Chavez and Dolores huerta, who were the founders of the united farm workers organization, were one of the most famous people who fought for the bracero program that existed from - Initially, he was placed in a isolated facility until he was able to bribe and threaten the staff to place him with the other inmates. While there, they allowed him to have sex with female prisoners from other institutions, smuggle cocaine through Viagra pills, and treated him like a king Fusion. 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When people think freedom, they may think of the West being a major symbol of it. However, that is not necessarily the case in several instances. Freedom should be the ability to walk freely, as Chief Joseph described. The unfairness towards the Chinese, Native Americans, and the Hispanic Americans counteracts the idea of the West symbolizing freedom. There have been numerous instances where journalists have been seen as to take advantage of the situation at hand so as to either sell the story or gain popularity at the expense of the client. Therefore, what happens when the client is taken advantage and what are the repercussions that are involved? In this light, there is the story of El Chapo the most successful drug lord and surpassed even Escobar. Many have been dying to get the story about El Chapo since he is now considered to be one of the most wanted people in the world. What makes him interesting is the fact that he has been able to escape from prison twice. He was interviewed by Sean Penn and what remains is whether Sean Penn was able to teat his subject ethically right. Cesar Chavez who is a Mexican man, he was a confidence man who wanted to do a movement to fight for their right so he decided to march to protest for the Mexicans rights and what they believe in. Chavez believed that there was nowhere that the movement was going to go to, he decided to start a march through Saracamento and decided to build his own group of protestor about three hundred were part of it. Chavez was losing hope, this was going to be a long struggle for the workers. The march to Saracamento was going to be harsh, before Chavez many leader were europeans looking. Many Mexican Americans kids were the population with the lower who were most likely to graduate and most likely to drop out of school. Mexican Americans were the ones who were treated badly, if you spoke Spanish they were even to be hitted, and send to sit in the corner. The international drug trade from Latin American states is having an impact on a global scale. The trafficking of drugs along with corruptness and murder is an international conflict that is being fought daily. There are many aspects of the drug war from Mexico and other Latin American states which have effects on United States policy as well as policies from other countries that participate in the global suppression of illegal drugs. Drug trafficking has become an increasingly growing problem in the world today. Illegal drug trade is a worldwide black market consisting of production, distribution, packaging, and sale of illegal substances. The most drug trafficking happens on the border between Mexico and the United States. He ran for President 8 times only succeeding half of the times. The years he ran are , , , , , , , and The years that he won are , , , and He was born in Tarija, Bolivia on October 2, Essay Topics Writing. Essay Checker. Open Document. Get Access. Better Essays. Read More. Decent Essays. Juan Antonio Guerra-Torres. Outlaw Jose Antonio Vargas. Satisfactory Essays. Cesar Chavez Dolores Huerta. El Chapo Abuse Words 3 Pages. El Chapo Abuse. Best Essays. Cesar Chavez Words 3 Pages. Cesar Chavez. Good Essays. Joaquin Murrieta Words 5 Pages. Joaquin Murrieta. Cesar Chavez Words 2 Pages. Drug War in Mexico Essay. Paz Estenssoro: President Of Bolivia. Related Topics.

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Activities by an organized crime group involving the illegal entry, transit or residence of migrants for a financial or material benefit. The illicit trade and possession of species covered by CITES convention, and other species protected under national law. The poaching, illicit trade in and possession of species covered by CITES and other species protected by national law. Includes IUU fishing. The illicit extraction, smuggling, mingling, bunkering or mining of natural resources and the illicit trade of such commodities. The production, distribution and sale of heroin. Consumption of the drug is considered in determining the reach of the criminal market. The production, distribution and sale of cocaine and its derivatives. Consumption is considered in determining the reach of the market. The illicit cultivation, distribution and sale of cannabis oil, resin, herb or leaves. Consumption is used to determine the market's reach. The production, distribution and sale of synthetic drugs. Clearly defined organized crime groups that usually have a known name, defined leadership, territorial control and identifiable membership. Loose networks of criminal associates engaging in criminal activities who fail to meet the defining characteristics of mafia-style groups. Includes foreign nationals and diaspora groups. The State's role in responding to organized crime and its effectiveness. The degree to which states have put oversight mechanisms in place to ensure against state collusion in illicit activities. A country's supranational structures and processes of interaction, policy making and concrete implementation to respond to organized crime. The degree to which states are able to control their physical and cyber territory and infrastructure against organized criminal activities. Assistance provided to victims of various forms of organized crime, including initiatives such as witness protection programs. Refers to the existence of strategies, measures, resource allocation, programmes and processes that are aimed to inhibit organized crime. Bolivia is a transit and destination country for human trafficking victims from Africa, Chile and the Caribbean. Bolivian nationals, namely women and children, are also trafficked to Argentina, Brazil, Panama and Chile. Victims are subject to forced begging, sexual exploitation and organ trafficking by national and transnational mafias. Forced prostitution and child labour is rampant in Bolivian and Peruvian illegal mining settlements, and Bolivian women are also exploited in the tourist town of Piura. Local criminal networks control victims and are known to threaten their relatives, as well as public officers. Although human smuggling is not significant in Bolivia, the market interacts with other criminal markets such as human and drug trafficking. Bolivia is a transit country for people from Africa, who are smuggled to the US, as well as a transit and destination country for people smuggled from Chile and the Caribbean. Arms trafficking groups, predominantly from Brazil and Paraguay, use Bolivia as a transit country. The international arms trafficking route starts in Miami, in the US, and flows via the Dominican Republic to Peru or Chile and through Bolivia, with Brazil or Paraguay the final destinations. While arms are accessible to local groups, the primary markets are, as noted, Brazil or Paraguay. Criminal groups operating in Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Peru may exchange arms at border crossing points, and criminal organizations are known to arm their members and raid Bolivian military bases. This market is key for other criminal market operations, including drug trafficking, and may be enabled by low-level corruption. Furthermore, violence frequently linked to criminal activity is rising, especially in cities. Bolivia has one of the highest global deforestation levels as a result of illegal logging, and the clearing of land for agriculture and livestock, driven by exports to China. The Santa Cruz department is currently the most deforested area, but forced labour of loggers also occurs in the Amazon rainforest where illegal activities affect indigenous tribes and have resulted in the murder of indigenous leaders and activists. Bolivia has a wood trade deficit due in part to illicit trafficking, which is facilitated by scarce infrastructure, corruption and a lack of park ranger equipment. In the Amazon region, unarmed rangers do three patrols annually, but loggers are usually armed with carbines. Bolivia is also a source, destination and transit country for wildlife specimens from neighbouring countries, perhaps facilitating illegal wildlife trade between Brazil and Peru. This mainly concerns live specimens for the pet trade, and products for consumption, traditional use, or religious festivals, including lizards, freshwater turtles, parrots, llamas, vicunas as well as alpaca wool or meat. Most illegal fauna imports, such as birds, are traded on the local market or Facebook, and smuggling is enabled by porous borders, lax prosecution laws and social acceptance. The primary non-renewable resource crimes in Bolivia are illegal mining and natural gas and gasoline smuggling to neighbouring countries. Regarding the latter, micro-trafficking to Peru, Chile, Brazil and Paraguay is significant. Gold mining is part of the ancient Bolivian culture, and the main criminal actors are local illegal miners or jukus, who recruit legitimate mineworkers or bribe officers to let them steal metal or tools from mines, usually smuggling Peruvian gold to bigger markets. Illegal mining mostly occurs where violence and other crimes, such as human, drug and arms trafficking are prevalent. Gold is illegally transported by 'mules', shielded vehicles, motorcycles and planes. In Bolivia, the heroin trade pales in comparison to cannabis, the most consumed drug, and cocaine, the most produced and trafficked drug. Bolivia is one of the top cocaine producers in the world, and it is legal to grow and consume coca leaves for cultural reasons. Bolivia is also a transit country for Peruvian and Colombian cocaine. As domestic cocaine consumption is low, most profit is generated by external demand. Mexican and Colombian cartels control trafficking routes towards Chile, Paraguay, Brazil and Argentina, from where cocaine is also sent to Europe. However, Bolivian criminal organizations are also involved in smuggling coca base to Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay, sometimes by plane. Significantly, associated violence has risen in some cities and regions, such as Santa Cruz, but coca cultivation has also provided a lifeline for poorer sectors during past recessions. Although cannabis is the most frequently used illegal drug, only a fraction of the market is covered by local production. Bolivia is therefore also a transit and destination country for cannabis, and Colombian organizations facilitate trafficking via Peru with a loose structure of hired hands. Small family groups in the Tarija department transit cannabis through the southern part of the country, primarily from Paraguay to northern Chile, and informal low-level groups manage local trade. Synthetic drug consumption is low, and pharmaceuticals, such as tramadol, benzodiazepine products and amphetamines require prescriptions and are relatively costly. These substances enter from Brazil and Argentina, making Bolivia a transit country. Lately, Chinese LSD has entered the market, and there has been an increase in consumption in elite high schools. Leaders of drug clans, as well as their relatives and allies, have held political positions, and the Bolivian police and other institutions are involved in corruption, bribery and drug trafficking at all levels. The main bribery recipients are the judiciary, police, and customs. Low-level corruption in smuggling and drug trafficking increased with a lack of civilian oversight during the interim government — A lack of capacity and resources undermine institutions, while low salaries, and an overstaffed and unprofessional bureaucracy create incentives for corruption, clientelism, and patronage. The PCC sends emissaries across the extensive, poorly monitored border, and has an agreement with the Commando Vermelho in respect to Santa Cruz and the Pando region. Bolivian producers mostly sell coca base, and Colombian and Brazilian actors control refinement processes. Although foreign mafia-style groups use Bolivia to purchase or transit drugs, they do not control territory, nor do they have a permanent, high-level presence. They control coca base trans-shipment via small planes to Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay, for local consumption or export to Europe and North Africa. Morales saw shortcomings in the administration of justice and health services, and generally, the government demonstrated opposition to organized crime and corruption, although corruption scandals, marshalling challenges and a lack of action tempered success. In his fourth term, Morales announced the creation of the council for the fight against corruption, to complement the vice ministry of institutional transparency and fight against corruption. Subsequently, the new government of Luis Arce was elected in November , and has vowed to not allow Morales to be hugely influential. The political instability caused by abrupt changes to government in the past two years has created uncertainty and a degree of discontinuity with regard to public policies. In general, Bolivia performs below regional governance averages, and there is evidence of drug dealers having held key political positions. During Morales' presidency, Bolivia failed to extradite criminals to Argentina and Brazil, and concerns arose regarding judicial delays benefiting the accused. Despite the fact that in Morales expelled the US Drug Enforcement Administration from the country, until , Bolivia actively participated in regional and international agreements regarding drugs and trade. Although the interim government reopened diplomatic relations with the US, there are concerns that this will negatively affect the legal coca market. While the state is party to international agreements to fight organized crime, compliance is weak. Bolivian national law covers human trafficking and smuggling, drug trafficking, coca production, flora and fauna crimes, arms trafficking and non-renewable resource crimes, although weaknesses exist regarding flora and non-renewable resource crimes. While logging is a crime, the trafficking or the transportation of illegal wood is an administrative offence. Regarding non-renewable resource crimes, the law may promote illegal mining by giving rights to anyone requesting an area for exploitation without considering indigenous communities as mining actors. Since it is relatively easy to obtain permits to exploit mines, miners often do not comply with exploitation, labour and environmental norms. Notably, the law that legalizes coca plantations is an example of legislation which has yielded better results in Bolivia than in Colombia and Peru. The Bolivian judicial system is considered an obstacle to fighting crime because of delayed criminal procedures and pervasive corruption among lawyers, prosecutors and judges, who profit from victims. Severe prison overcrowding is exacerbated by arbitrary and politically motivated arrests; most prisoners are pre-trial detainees, and the entire prison system suffers a lack of medical and security personnel. The ratio of police officers to citizens also falls short of international standards as a result of political interference, low salaries and pensions, poor working conditions and inadequate training. There are a number of specialized units, with mandates including crime, drug trafficking and environmental crime, and although the annual budget has increased, problems persist due to the lack of equipment as well as corruption. In general, public perception of the police is negative. The country shares borders with Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Paraguay and Chile, but despite investments made, most borders are highly vulnerable with many irregular crossing points available to facilitate illegal flows. The country is at significant risk of asset laundering and terrorism financing, and the financial investigations unit of the ministry of economy and public finance is tasked with controlling money laundering. In , Bolivia created a national council to combat illicit laundering of profits which was tasked with setting out guidelines and policies to best combat money laundering, and in , new regulatory procedures were created, allowing for the freezing and confiscation of criminal proceeds. Bolivian criminal courts have jurisdiction over money laundering and related offences, and can request information from banks for investigative purposes. Bolivian law mandates the protection of victims and witnesses by the office of the prosecutor general, the police and the ministry of justice. With regards to prevention, the social control policy for coca has been lauded for reducing cultivation and violence, however, the policy's future remains undetermined. Notably, efforts to promote wildlife protection and counter human trafficking, also exist in the country. A council chaired by the Ministry of Justice was responsible for coordinating anti-trafficking efforts at the national level, but due to blurred lines and a lack of clear and distinct mandates with other units involved in combating human trafficking, cooperation on the matter is poor. Nevertheless, a national action plan was in place throughout and work progressed on the development of the — national action plan. It has been noted by various civil society organizations that under the transitional government they have enjoyed increased cooperation with government officials on trafficking issues. The development of a federal registry obliging employment agencies to document their activities has successfully reduced the extent to which these agencies were able to exploit workers. The media is the main non-state actor denouncing corruption and crime, but there is little investigative journalism, and accounts can be sensationalist or based on unverified information. There are increasing attacks on journalists and grassroots press outlets, and the media is under strong state pressure to avoid criticism of the government and the president. The criminal markets score is represented by the pyramid base size and the criminal actors score is represented by the pyramid height, on a scale ranging from 1 to The resilience score is represented by the panel height, which can be identified by the side of the panel. A series of 13 discussion papers, one for each illicit market considered during the development of the Index. We're constantly working to improve the Index. By participating in this survey, you will be providing us with insights and suggestions that will help us make the Index an even better resource. This report was funded in part by a grant from the United States Department of State. The opinions, findings and conclusions stated herein are those of the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime and do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Department of State. Income group Lower middle income. Population 11,, Geography type Landlocked. Criminal markets 4. An assessment of the value, prevalence and non-monetary impacts of a specific crime type. Human trafficking 5. Human smuggling 2. Arms trafficking 4. Flora crimes 7. Fauna crimes 5. Non-renewable resource crimes 8. Heroin trade 2. Cocaine trade 8. Cannabis trade 2. Synthetic drug trade 2. Criminal actors 4. An assessment of the impact and influence of a specific criminal actor type on society. Mafia-style groups 3. Criminal networks 2. State-embedded actors 6. Foreign actors 4. Political leadership and governance 5. Government transparency and accountability 4. International cooperation 5. National policies and laws 6. A state's legal action and structures put in place to respond to organized crime. Judicial system and detention 3. Law enforcement 5. Territorial integrity 5. Anti-money laundering 4. Economic regulatory capacity 5. Victim and witness support 5. Prevention 6. Non-state actors 4. Analysis Download full profile english spanish. People Bolivia is a transit and destination country for human trafficking victims from Africa, Chile and the Caribbean. Trade Arms trafficking groups, predominantly from Brazil and Paraguay, use Bolivia as a transit country. Environment Bolivia has one of the highest global deforestation levels as a result of illegal logging, and the clearing of land for agriculture and livestock, driven by exports to China. Drugs In Bolivia, the heroin trade pales in comparison to cannabis, the most consumed drug, and cocaine, the most produced and trafficked drug. Criminal Actors Leaders of drug clans, as well as their relatives and allies, have held political positions, and the Bolivian police and other institutions are involved in corruption, bribery and drug trafficking at all levels. Criminal justice and security The Bolivian judicial system is considered an obstacle to fighting crime because of delayed criminal procedures and pervasive corruption among lawyers, prosecutors and judges, who profit from victims. Civil society and social protection Bolivian law mandates the protection of victims and witnesses by the office of the prosecutor general, the police and the ministry of justice. Read the analysis Listen the podcasts View all events. Next Skip. How to measure organized crime? Read more on globalinitiative. Give us feedback We're constantly working to improve the Index.

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