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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. All the authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work. The entire online survey was explained to students to be filled in themselves by first filling out the informed consent. Approval was obtained from teacher representatives from each school and the Surabaya City Education Office. This research is voluntary and the information is collected anonymously. Background: Student groups are prone to drug abuse. The prevalence of drugs in the past year among high school students in Surabaya, Indonesia occupies the highest provincial capital 9. Results: More than half of the students have insufficient knowledge about drugs and have negative attitudes about peer education in HEY activities. The results of statistical tests showed that there was a relationship between class and student participation in peer education activities. Conclusion: Most students have less knowledge about drugs and a negative attitude about peer education. However, the intention to participate in peer education activities is more thus it is necessary to improve the quality of peer educators through activities that are performed regularly by various relevant stakeholders. Drug abuse among high school students has reached an increasingly concerning number. Findings of the research indicate that many students' knowledge remain lacking and students' attitudes about peer education remain negative. Good knowledge about drugs is very important so that students do not fall into drug abuse. One of the factors related to students' intention to participate in peer education is class; students at lower-level classes had more free time to take part in peer education. Students who have the intention to participate in more peer education so that peer educator quality improvement and support from schools and related stakeholders are needed to create conditions for peer education that can work optimally in order to prevent drug abuse. Drug abuse drugs, psychotropic, and addictive substances is a global threat that causes adverse impacts on individuals and society, especially the younger generation. Drugs can be beneficial for healing due to their calming effects, but if used in excessive doses can cause addiction. This abuse is initially because the user wants to get a hallucinatory calm. The prevalence of ever using drugs in Indonesia in was 2. The top five types of drugs consumed in the last 1 year are marijuana Meanwhile, the main reasons for using drugs for the first time were mostly trial and error Preliminary estimates suggest that globally in as many as The prevalence in Indonesia in of adolescents who consume drugs for one year who are high school students 6. The prevalence of drug users in the past year among high school students in Surabaya occupies the highest provincial capital in Indonesia 9. The most types of drugs consumed by high school students in the past year were headache drugs that were drunk excessively by Based on student and student knowledge of various types of drugs, respondents knew the most about natural types of drugs, such as marijuana gele, cimeng , marijuana, getok, linda ; Synthetic drugs, such as shabu, Yaba, SS, Tastus, Ubas Methamphetamines ; Semi- synthetic drugs, such as heroin; Psychotropic such as pil koplo, BK, mboat, mboti, roda ; Additives such as aibon glue, gasoline, markers, electric hit; Hard drugs are headache drugs that are drunk excessively. The highest knowledge of high school students about types of drugs is hard drugs and addictive substances. The lowest knowledge is the natural type of drug. Knowledge of the health impacts of drug abuse among high school students is hallucinations. Other impacts are disrupting the concentration of learning, depression, causing dependence. The importance of knowledge in students is very important so as not to fall into drug abuse. One of the efforts to prevent drug abuse from an early age is increasing knowledge through peer education contained in HEY Health Educator for Youth activities. HEY is a community service activity from the Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga in collaboration with Rumah Remaja to form high school students to become peer educators. High school students will later act as volunteers to convey the knowledge that has been obtained from peer educator training by using edutainment media education and entertainment to their friends at school. This study was an analytic observational study using a crosssectional study design. The population in this study were high school students in the city of Surabaya, Indonesia who had peer educators. The peer educators performed activities in each school to provide education with the edutainment method to their friends, accompanied by the teacher. Of the 10 schools that were the population in this study, six schools in Surabaya were selected because they have peer educators who were active in educating their friends about drugs August-September Questions about student participation, namely their intention to participate in peer education activities. The dichotomous category was used in the knowledge question for the need assessment that indicate the information that need to be included in peer education training materials. The selection of the good or poor category were used to justify the involvement of this material in the peer education training program among the various materials on adolescent health to help stakeholders focus on improving the material needed by students. The answers to the questions regarding knowledge were categorized as good and poor, so low reliability did not affect the results. Qualitative variables are expressed as numbers and percent. This research used chi-square test to examine the relationship between nominal or ordinal data on the independent variables knowledge and attitudes and the dependent variable student participation. The non-parametric statistical method test for nominal data used the Mann Whitney test and ordinal data used the Kruskal Wallis test. This research was conducted in six high schools in the city of Surabaya, Indonesia with a total of students. The median age of students is 15 years, the minimum age is 12 years and the maximum age of students is 18 years. Of the students, 81 A1 was a private school, and the rest A2 to A6 were public schools Table 1. Meanwhile, more than half of the students did not know the examples of drugs that work by triggering the workings of the central nervous system, disrupting the central nervous system, and suppressing the central nervous system The majority of students did not know the effects of drugs from consuming heroin, abused cocaine and the psychological effects that arise More than half of the students agreed that drug materials were interesting Meanwhile, students who disagreed the most about believing that peer educators could provide advice on the problem 5. Students who had poor and good level of drug knowledge were almost in the same amount, The number of students who had negative attitudes towards peer education was more There were more students who had the intention to participate in peer education activities Adolescents are the most vulnerable age to drug abuse. The high risk of drug dependence in adolescents were caused by their environment that surrounded by addicts in the family or community, offers from peers and their belief that drugs can bring benefits. Drug abuse has become one of the most important public health problems in recent years. Similar condition was found in a research in Tantan City, Egypt, showing that the majority of high school students This suggests that students need more information and health education about drug abuse from both government and non-government organizations. In this research, knowledge remains poor in examples of drugs that work by triggering the action of the central nervous system, disrupting the central nervous system, and suppressing the central nervous system; the effects of drugs from consuming heroin, abused cocaine and the psychological effects that arise. Lack of the knowledge level shows there are many students who do not know and not understand well about the examples and impacts of drug abuse. In the knowledge of students in the Dhaka City study about the types of drug abuse, most More than half of the students Moreover, in this research, good knowledge refers to the availability of knowledge about the types of drugs that work by triggering the action of the central nervous system and suppressing the central nervous system as well as drug regulation. In line with a research among public secondary school students in Lagos, it was found that almost three quarters of students knew the legal status of drug abuse. The majority of students The reason why adolescents experience drug addiction is that the majority of students This study showed half of the students had good knowledge of drug addiction. The attitudes of high school students in this research showed that more than half of the students had negative attitudes towards HEY peer education activities which merely In contrast to research in Tanta City, Egypt, the majority of high school students More than half of the secondary school students in Surabaya, Indonesia A research in Tanta City, Egypt showed that more than half of students However, Therefore, the involvement of youth in program planning was only 8. Whereas based on the national standard of health service implementation, youth need to be involved from planning to program evaluation. Peer educators need to be involved from program planning, some of the youth outside school setting had not even been exposed to the program. Youth health programs should involve youth from a variety of settings and be tailored to the capacity needs of young people. Youth wished they were involved starting from the planning stage to program evaluation because they were the prime movers in the success of youth health programs. There were also private stakeholders and NGOs. All programs from various stakeholders had the same goal, namely the promotion of youth health. All of these programs had similar activities as developing Education Counseling media, training youth to become peer educators. The information obtained by students about drugs is still lacking, since respondents have not received drug education at school. Moreover, there are those who remain think that drugs can be used freely, and drug users are considered as cool and have no bad effects by inhaling glue The research at Iranian public high schools showed similar result between the groups of students who were given the peer education method and the groups of students who were not given peer education according to gender. Moreover, the result of this research indicates that there is correlation between class and the intention to participate in peer education. This condition emerges since twelfth grade students do not have much time to take part in peer education activities due to their focus on studying for graduation exams, while tenth and eleventh graders have more time to take part in peer education activities. A research compared the peer education program methods in prevention of addiction as an experimental group and traditional methods as a control group. It was discovered that in the forty-five days after peer education, the scores on substance addiction information in the experimental group were significantly higher than the control group. The substance addiction information score in the experimental group increased after participating in peer education compared to their score before the program. This showed that peer education is superior to other methods in its ability to distribute information. This program also makes a positive contribution to self-confidence, motivation, and peer relationships. The success of peer education is influenced by the selection of the right peer educator based on criteria and the provision of effective training. Therefore, regular monitoring and evaluation is needed to improve program quality. Students were interested and agree that meeting and regularly for sharing with peer counselors can help them prevent substance abuse. A school serves as an appropriate venue for drug prevention programs for three reasons. First, four out of five drug users start as adolescents or before adulthood. Second, schools offer the most systematic and efficient way to reach large numbers of young people each year. Third, schools are able to adopt and enforce a broad spectrum of education policies. Schools must also involve peer educators with activities outside of school that were collaborated with stakeholders to provide training for peer educators. The activity can take the form of counseling from the National Narcotics Agency or the police regarding the prevention of drug abuse. In this research, high school students were more likely to have less drug knowledge and negative attitudes towards peer education in HEY activities to prevent drug abuse from an early age, whereas more than half of the students had the intention to participate in peer education activities. Students from the schools selected in this study were heterogeneous from multiple ethnicity and religion as they were the resident of Surabaya. Surabaya is second big cities in Indonesia with various ethnicity, religion and culture. Thus, this study should be possible to be replicated in other regions in Indonesia. In addition, the language of instruction uses Bahasa Indonesia and the materials given in the program were free from elements of ethnicity, race, religion, and between groups. There were several limitations associated with the study. Based on the methodology, it was difficult to see the behavior change on drug abuse prevention for some time after the training. Another limitation was the location of this study which was only conducted in the city of Surabaya. Although the participation of this study represents each region in Surabaya and Surabaya has high heterogeneity, it did not guarantee that the program can be directly implemented in other regions. Therefore, implementing a program like this in other areas still required FGD with related stakeholders to grasp the suitability of the program. High school students in Surabaya, Indonesia in this research have insufficient knowledge about drugs drugs, psychotropic substances, addictive substances , thus an effort to increase knowledge about drugs in each school are needed, both through in-class and outside-class activities. In addition to knowledge, strengthening attitudes to communicate the benefits of peer educators also needs to be undertaken. Therefore, students have the intention to participate in peer educator activities in their schools. The peer education program requires support from schools and related stakeholders in order to provide benefits to students by increasing their knowledge and attitudes so that the intention to participate also increases. We gratefully acknowledge the senior high school students in Surabaya, East Java Province, Indonesia for cooperating during survey. In addition, we would like to address special thanks to Universitas Airlangga, which has provided funding, and the Education Office that has granted the clearance for the research. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. J Public Health Res. Find articles by Ira Nurmala. Find articles by Muthmainnah. Find articles by Iswari Hariastuti. Find articles by Yuli Puspita Devi. Find articles by Nurvita Ruwandasari. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. According to me, information about drugs is important. According to me, information about drugs is interesting. I want to apply information from peer educator. I believe that peer educator can listen to my problem well. I believe that peer educator can give advise toward my problem. I believe that peer educator can help solve your problem.
Keywords: knowledge, attitude, secondary school, college students, drugs, abuse, prevention programs. INTRODUCTION. Substance abuse is becoming a dangerous.
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PDF version. Kabbash: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Background : Drug abuse is a global challenge with harmful effects on health, wealth and wellbeing of nations. University students report more habitual use of marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogens and illicit drugs than noncollege students report. Aims : To identify the prevalence of tobacco use, alcohol and drug abuse and to identify some factors associated with drug abuse. Methods : A cross-sectional study recruiting students from all faculties hosted by Kafr El-Sheikh University during the academic year — Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire. Results : The prevalence of current drug abuse was 8. Men reported significantly greater use of cigarettes, alcohol, tramadol, hashish and bhang than women. Students of practical colleges were found to smoke cigarettes and abuse hashish significantly more than their peers in other colleges. Risk factors associated with drug abuse were mainly related to gender and college type. Conclusion : There is a need to design and implement programmes to raise awareness and provide supportive services for prevention and management of drug abuse among university students tailored according to their needs. Keywords: alcohol consumption, Egypt, hashish, smoking, substance abuse, tranquilizers, university students, adolescent. Substance use among university students in Egypt: prevalence and correlates. East Mediterr Health J. Open Access. Some rights reserved. Substance abuse refers to the detrimental or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, as well as alcohol and illicit drugs. Psychoactive substance use can lead to dependence syndrome, which is a group of behavioural, cognitive and physiological phenomena that arise after repetitive use. This incorporates: a strong desire to take the substance; trouble with controlling its use; continued use in spite of harmful consequences; a higher priority given to substance use than to other activities, in addition to obligations; increased tolerance to the substance; and sometimes a state of physical withdrawal 1. Drug abuse by adolescents has become one of the main causes of health-related problems in several parts of the world, making some students to experience mental health problems, while some become maladjusted to school circumstances and finally drop out of school 4. Drug abusers who display symptoms of nervous tension, anxiety, depression, behavioural changes, tiredness, and loss or increase in appetite should be treated by medical specialists and counsellors to save them from fatal illness 4. Marijuana is the most broadly used, with a prevalence of 3. Other popular drugs used by students in the last 30 days were amphetamines 4. There is some evidence from American national surveys that university students are at greater risk of drug use than other young people of comparable age. The Core Alcohol and Drug Survey for demonstrated that college students reported more frequent use of marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogens and designer drugs in the last 30 days than noncollege students reported 5. Tobacco and alcohol are the most commonly used drugs among South African adolescents despite the health and social problems associated with them. This may be because they are both legal and many consider them tolerable and mild. A national survey of drug use among university students in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in found that The least commonly used drugs were heroin, methadone, crack, methamphetamine and steroids all A study among Egyptian university students in reported the lifetime prevalence of drug abuse as Multiple drug abuse is not uncommon. Among Mansoura University students in , a study of opioid-using students found that 88 reported tramadol use and 12 heroin use 9. Another study conducted at Zagazig University in reported alcohol and sedative abuse prevalence as Drug dependence is considered an important problem in Egypt that is of concern both to the community and government Peer pressure and negative life events are mentioned as the most common reasons for substance abuse. Conversely, rigorous parenting and religiosity are among the factors perceived to prevent substance use or help with cessation Different reports have indicated a progressive rise in drug abuse among Egyptian university students over time. However, only a limited number of published studies have demonstrated the magnitude of and the factors affecting this problem. No studies were conducted among Kafr El-Sheikh university students in spite of their large number. This information gap motivated us to perform the present study to identify the prevalence and correlates of drug abuse among Kafr El-Sheikh university students. We also aimed to study gender differences in the magnitude of the problem and the consequences of the problem on the students. A cross-sectional study was conducted for 3 months in the academic year — Kafr El-Sheikh University was founded in April and includes 19 faculties and 3 higher institutes. The survey included 13 faculties that were grouped into 3 strata: 1 medical faculties medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, physical and veterinary medicine ; 2 practical faculties engineering, agricultural, education, physical education, and specific education ; and 3 academic faculties commerce, arts and languages. In practical and medical faculties, students were divided into groups for practical training. In academic faculties, 1 day and 1 lecture hall were chosen randomly and all attending students in that lecture hall were included in the study sample. A total of questionnaires were distributed. A pilot study was conducted before starting data collection to test the adequacy and time needed to fill the designed questionnaire, and to determine the potential obstacles that might be met during execution of the study. Data were collected using a validated and reliable self-administered questionnaire that included items regarding the following data: sociodemographic factors; current and past history of smoking, alcohol intake and drug abuse; and problems related to drug abuse. The collected data were coded, double-checked for completeness, entered into Microsoft Excel, and analysed using SPSS version SPSS Inc. Means and standard deviations were calculated for continuous variables and frequencies for categorical variables. The c2 test was used to compare differences in the distribution of variables among suited groups. Informed consent was obtained from the participants after explanation of the study purpose and benefits, and participation was voluntary. The study included students from different faculties of Kafr El-Shiekh University, aged 17—25 years \[mean Students who ranked first among their siblings represented Students living with their parents represented Family size showed a mean of 5. Students who had ever smoked tobacco represented The most frequently abused drugs were tranquilizers 8. The second most frequently abused drug was alcohol 6. The third most frequently abused drug was hashish 6. The least frequently abused drugs included crack 0. Table 2 shows the drugs that were abused in the last month. Tranquilizers ranked first 4. Injecting drugs were ever reported by 1. Cigarette smoking was significantly more prevalent among students in practical faculties Hashish abuse was significantly more prevalent among students in practical faculties 4. Abuse of tranquilizers was more prevalent among students in theoretical faculties compared with other faculties, but the differences were not significant. Prevalence of abuse of other drugs did not differ significantly among students in different faculties. Number of abused drugs was significantly associated with male sex Table 4. Trying 1 drug was reported by Those who tried 2 drugs represented 4. The number of drugs abused was significantly associated with smoking habit. Among smokers, A significantly high percentage of medical students The highest percentage of single drug abuse Among problems related to alcohol abuse, sex without a condom 3. Drug abuse, especially among adolescents, is an important public health and social problem internationally and in Egypt. University students are at an increased risk of substances abuse. Tobacco smoking is the most commonly reported substance used by Egyptian adolescents In the present study, current i. However, it was higher than the prevalence found among medical students in the Nile Delta, which was This lower prevalence among female students can be attributed to the shameful perception of smoking among women according to community norms in Egypt Tranquilizers ranked as the most frequently abused illicit drugs ever and current abuse by 8. These results are higher than those reported among students at Zagazig University 10 and Sohag University 18 , in whom the prevalence of abuse of sedative drugs was 5. In contrast, Al-Sayed et al. Alcohol was the second most frequently ever-abused substance by our study participants 6. This is in agreement with Loffredo et al. Similar results 6. A lower prevalence of alcohol abuse 4. These results also coincide with those of Hamdi et al. The third most frequently ever-abused drug was hashish 6. This is in line with Hamdi et al. Mwaheb et al. This high percentage may have been because their study was conducted among male students only and included secondary schools and colleges. It could also be attributed to the fact that cannabis is common in Egypt with a lower price than other drugs. The most frequent currently abused substance was bhang 1. Tramadol ranked second among the most frequent currently abused drugs among study participants. A lower prevalence 0. In the current study, drug abuse was significantly associated with male students. This was also supported by a community-based study among Egyptians 20 , which concluded that male gender was significantly positively correlated with substance abuse, which may be attributed to cultural and social contexts. Similarly, Meray et al. Smoking carries a high risk of drug abuse, and our study revealed a significant association between smoking habit and the number of abused drugs. This was in agreement with the study of Amin et al. Similarly, Morrison et al. In the current study, a significantly high percentage of medical students This was consistent with the findings of Shalaby and Soliman 22 , who reported a 9. This lower prevalence of drug abuse among medical students compared to students at other colleges may be attributed to their satisfactory level of awareness regarding health hazards of addiction owing to their curriculum. The current study reveals a need for the development of interventions for substance abuse among university students and the increased attention of local authorities and families, in addition to implementing effective addiction counselling and prevention programmes to support university students. This study is the first report of the problem of substance abuse in Kafr El-Shiekh University. The sample size was high and reflects well the magnitude of the problem. However, the study had some limitations. First, the self-reporting nature of the drug abuse allowed recall bias. Second, the stigma associated with drug abuse among university students might have led to under-reporting and underestimation of the prevalence. This study highlighted the magnitude of drug abuse among Kafr El-Shiekh university students, the commonly abused drugs, and the factors associated with drug abuse, in addition to some consequent problems that result from it. The abused substances were mainly cigarettes, tranquilizers, alcohol and hashish. Students in academic and practical faculties are at higher risk than those in medical faculties. There are many risk factors for substance abuse but the main factors are age, sex, residence, parental educational level, and smoking habit. We would like to express our appreciation to 4th year medical students participated shared in data collection. Finally, we would like to thank all university students who participated in the study. Subscribe via RSS. Volume 30, number 8 August WHO Bulletin. Pan American Journal of Public Health. Main Search Contact. YouTube Rss feeds Twitter Facebook. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal All issues Volume 28 Volume 28 issue 1 Substance abuse among university students in Egypt: prevalence and correlates. Substance abuse among university students in Egypt: prevalence and correlates. Keywords: alcohol consumption, Egypt, hashish, smoking, substance abuse, tranquilizers, university students, adolescent Citation: Kabbash I; Zidan O; Saied S. Methods Study design A cross-sectional study was conducted for 3 months in the academic year — Data collection and analysis Data were collected using a validated and reliable self-administered questionnaire that included items regarding the following data: sociodemographic factors; current and past history of smoking, alcohol intake and drug abuse; and problems related to drug abuse. Results The study included students from different faculties of Kafr El-Shiekh University, aged 17—25 years \[mean Discussion Drug abuse, especially among adolescents, is an important public health and social problem internationally and in Egypt. Conclusions This study highlighted the magnitude of drug abuse among Kafr El-Shiekh university students, the commonly abused drugs, and the factors associated with drug abuse, in addition to some consequent problems that result from it. Acknowledgement We would like to express our appreciation to 4th year medical students participated shared in data collection. Funding : None Competing interests : None declared. References Okpye, N. The adolescents and hard drugs: a psychological concern. The Nigerian adolescent in perspective. Nigerian Society for Education; Fourteenth report. World drug report Fareo DO. Drug abuse among Nigerian adolescents strategies for counselling. J Int Soc Res. Monitoring the future: national survey results on drug use: — Volume II: college students and adults ages 19— Soul City Institute for Social Justice. Drug use among college and university students: findings from a national survey. J Subst Use. Addressing prevalence and correlates among a sample of Egyptian university students who suffer from substance use disorders. Addict Disord Their Treat. A study of opioid dependence among Mansoura University students. Egyptian J Psych. Drug abuse in Zagazig University students, Egypt: cross sectional study, Occup Dis Environ Med. Gender differences in risks and pattern of drug abuse in Egypt. Egypt J Neurol Psychiat Neurosurg, ;47 1 —8. JRSM Open. Substance use by Egyptian youth: current patterns and potential avenues for prevention. Subst Use Misuse. Perception and practices of tobacco smoking among medical students in the Nile Delta, Egypt. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. Women and waterpipe tobacco smoking in the eastern Mediterranean region: allure or offensiveness. Women Health ;53 1 — Sedative drug use among King Saud University medical students: a cross-sectional sampling study. Depress Res Treat. Alcohol use among college students: an international perspective. Curr Opin Psychiatry. J Forens Toxicol Medicolegal Anal. Goreishi A, Shajari Z. Sociodemographic indicators for substance use and abuse in Egypt. J Addict Prevent. Drug abuse among students in schools and colleges in Fayoum City \[thesis\]. Fayoum University; Knowledge, attitude, and practice of medical students regarding smoking and substance abuse, Cairo University, Egypt. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. Prevalence updates of substance use among Egyptian adolescents. Middle East Curr Psychiatry. Public Health Rev. Tobacco, cannabis, and other illicit drug use among Finnish adolescent twins: causal relationship or correlated liabilities?. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. Current issue Volume 30, number 8 August
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