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By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. To learn more, view our Privacy Policy. To browse Academia. To find clearheaded scientific perspective on cannabis use through the prevailing thick smokescreen requires recognizing just what sort of smoke obscures our bet-ter understanding. In the United States, in large part, the smokescreen is made up of culture war-charged political rhetoric and obstructionism from those in posi-tions of authority setting up a prejudi-cial ideological framing for cannabis use. National leaders throughout the twentieth century have taken opportunities afforded by high office or its pursuit to pub-licly opine on the dangers of cannabis, such as when then-Presidential candidate. During the 20th century, Harry Anslinger waged one of the most successful disinformation campaigns in US history. Anslinger served from as the founding commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics. When Anslinger launched his anti-cannabis crusade in the s most people viewed cannabis as a harmless weed. Far from viewing cannabis as a danger, many communities celebrated hemp as their economic lifeblood. It was, therefore, a tall order for Harry Anslinger to turn the tide of public opinion against such a well-loved plant, but Anslinger proved more than equal to the task. To bring about the necessary shift in public opinion, Harry Anslinger would have to construct an alternate reality wherein cannabis morphed from a harmless weed into the most dangerous drug known to humanity. Dale Jaquette ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, , pp. This paper is a survey of the positive and negative aspects of cannabis use from the point of view of the individual on the one hand and from the point of view of the society on the other hand. Health, social, and political motives are all discussed, and the best method of harm reduction is analysed. The upshot is that zero tolerance policy is obsolete, and that most individuals would be better off using cannabis rather than other drugs. This movement represents the most successful branch of the forty-year old drug policy reform movement. Using oral histories, participant observation, and archival research this dissertation explores the genesis, growth, and transformation of the medical marijuana movement in California from until I theorize the longevity of prohibitionist ideology over the course of the twentieth century in chapter one. Chapter two narrates the social history of the drug policy reform movement and its three branches; marijuana policy reform, harm reduction, and anti-prohibitionism. The three branches are characterized by diversification, as new organizations form to pursue different areas of drug policy reform, and competition for Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Tis in our nature: taking the human-cannabis relationship seriously in health science and public policy Sunil Aggarwal. Related papers doi: The war on marijuana Omar GL. How ideology shapes the evidence and the policy: what do we know about cannabis use and what should we do? John Macleod. Temple, University of Ballarat, Australia To find clearheaded scientific perspective on cannabis use through the prevailing thick smokescreen requires recognizing just what sort of smoke obscures our better understanding. In the United States, in large part, the smokescreen is made up of culture war-charged political rhetoric and obstructionism from those in positions of authority setting up a prejudicial ideological framing for cannabis use. But they are permanent ill-effects. The loss of memory, for example Grass Congress, Such clear scapegoating rhetoric has roots www. With such a long tradition of distorting rhetoric emanating from leading political authorities and being broadcast widely by the mass media, it is apparent how politicized cannabis use has become and how scientific research and knowledge about its use have been selectively highlighted and skewed to support pre-determined political objectives. These persistent distortions and political evasions are the greatest contributors to the smokescreen that obscures collection and dissemination of accurate evidence on cannabis use. The smokescreen is perpetuated because, as the saying goes, in war, the first casualty is the truth. Maintaining existing controversial policies relegating cannabis to the status of contraband such as, under US federal law: zero-tolerance for use, a death penalty for trafficking amounts greater than approximately 66 tons, and official denial of currently accepted medical use in treatment tends to be of a greater priority to governmental bodies than collecting and collating basic evidence regarding its use to inform public policy and health. What evidence is gathered is often rejected or simply ignored if politically inexpedient. Here are a few examples. An additional citizen-petition to reschedule cannabis filed in was rejected by the DEA after 9 years of delay and is presently under appeal ASA, Meanwhile, over the same timeframe, private pharmaceutical interests backed by highly-profitable international corporate pharmaceutical distributors have been granted license by the DEA to import and test in large, multicenter clinical trials in the US proprietary whole plant cannabis extracts made in company-owned cannabis production greenhouses licensed by friendlier governments Aggarwal, The persisting Schedule I classification of cannabis that the federal government maintains is itself a smokescreen that is directly discordant with authoritative, independent, medico-scientific evidence-based assessments. Publishing in the open-access scientific literature housed in the U. To begin to clear such a thick and recalcitrant smokescreen of political rhetoric and interference surrounding cannabis use requires that a massive gust of fresh air be let into the room. This will help to spur a fundamental perspectival reorientation that will allow us to breathe freely, return to first principles, and start evidencegathering from the beginning. An expedient smokescreen clearing approach is a historical and comparative ecological one that focuses on the human-cannabis relationship on a species to species level. We will come back to the theoretical outlines of this approach; for now, consider its results. Uses of Cannabis sativa include production of textiles, building material, canvas, rope, paper, and biofuel using the cellulose and fiber of its stalk; nutritive food, edible oil, and lotions using its oil- and protein-rich seeds; and, most pointedly, herbal medicines, spiritual sacraments, and psychoactive inebriants using its phytocannabinoidrich resin-producing flowers and leaves which, when ingested after heating, have robust, non-lethal, receptor-based effects via the human endogenous cannabinoid, or endocannabinoid, signaling system. When gathering evidence to address behavioral questions surrounding human consumption and production of potentially psychoactive cannabis preparations, it is absolutely essential that this long, coevolutionary arc of human history with this cannabinergic plant be appreciated in order to understand underlying human values, and desires that motivate cannabis use and prevent smokescreen prejudices from taking root. The main question is: what sorts of relationships can humans have with cannabis, aside from aberrant, pathological, and addictive ones? And, as a corollary to this question, when cannabis is consumed in contemporary settings, does it necessarily have to be as a scarce consumerist commodity, or do other relational possibilities exist? By addressing such questions, a richer understanding of cannabis use can emerge and lessen the chance that use patterns are improperly understood as pathological or deviant, when they may fact be perfectly normal and healthful. Certainly the caveat that cultural controls and norms regarding cannabis use that play an important public health role may not translate to all social groups must be acknowledged. A broader understanding of the human-cannabis relationship beyond the dominating twentieth century American and colonial prohibitionist sociolegal frameworks is needed. When there is not a war against cannabis being fought, a less distorted picture of its effects can emerge. The element of psychological distress that cannabis prohibition regimes produce is worth seriously accounting for as it can play a significant role in the conflation of the effect of cannabis on a user with the effect of the criminal or social stigma attached to that use Aggarwal et al. Political ecology is framework used to study human-environment relations that joins cultural ecology with political economy. Cultural ecology studies how cultural groups adapt, adjust, and relate to their natural environments, and political economy studies how political institutions, the political environment, and economic systems influence each other Mayer, ; Johnston et al. A sampling of the results of applying such an approach to demystify the smokescreen was given above. By applying political ecology to cannabis use and production, we can begin to understand and appreciate traditional ecological knowledge regarding its use and production, extant and extinct cultural practices surrounding cannabis use, and the history of their marginalization. Western delegates first heard officially from other countries who wished not to impose absolute prohibition at United Nations meetings in the early s when the first comprehensive international treaty that would call for strict controls on cannabis was being negotiated. Indeed, while a number of thriving civilizations have found a way to integrate cannabis use into their legally sanctioned cultural fabrics, such alternate sociocultural and political realities were ultimately targeted for suppression. Substantial evidence has been gathered regarding the efficacious use of cannabis as a medicine to treat specific conditions. Public policy regimes recognizing such use patterns—medical marijuana and adult marijuana use—have taken root in several US states and internationally. However, two human-cannabis use relationships, oft-neglected in medical and public health literature, but for which substantial evidence exists are cannabis use as a spiritual or religious activity and as an herbal or dietary supplement. These use patterns were presented by international www. I call for more research and documentation on these use patterns globally using the research framework described to fully eradicate the smokescreen and see clearly what exists. Cannabis: a commonwealth medicinal plant, long suppressed, now at risk of monopolization. Accessed December 29, Psychoactive substances and the political ecology of mental distress. Harm Reduct. Accessed December 27, Grant, I. Medical marijuana: clearing away the smoke. Open Neurol. Directed by Ron Mann. Helmer, J. Drugs and Minority Oppression. Hillig, K. Genetic evidence for speciation in Cannabis Cannabaceae. Crop Evol. Johnston, R. The Dictionary of Human Geography. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publications. Mayer, J. The political ecology of disease as a new focus for medical geography. McPartland, J. Guy, B. Whittle, and P. Robson London, Chicago: Pharmaceutical Press , 71— Melamede, R. Harm reduction—the cannabis paradox. Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base. Pacher, P. The endocannabinoid system as an emerging target of pharmacotherapy. Robbins, P. Political Ecology: A Critical Introduction. Russo, E. History of cannabis and its preparations in saga, science, and sobriquet. Phytochemical and genetic analyses of ancient cannabis from Central Asia. More Reefer Madness. The Atlantic Monthly , 90— Times of India Editorial Board. Accessed December 30, Committee on Ways, and Means. Vettor, R. Here, there and everywhere: the endocannabinoid system. Received: 30 December ; accepted: 10 February ; published online: 26 February Psychiatry This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited and subject to any copyright notices concerning any third-party graphics etc. February Volume 4 Article 6 3. Civil procedure code Sagar Thari. Law of One, Book 1 henok cesar. Hacer nuestro tiempo: la disputa por los horizontes predictivos de la sociedad. Lab Assesment Connie Farris. Calidad del Software Ingrid Mtz. Anti-oxidant activity of methanolic extract of aquatic flowering plant Nymphaea capensis leaf shahrear biozid. Short-term preservation of autogenous vein grafts: Effectiveness of University of Wisconsin solution worku abebe. Vidas abreviadas, vidas breves Marcia Aparecida Gobbi.