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The incest taboo refers to the cultural prohibition of sexual activity or marriage between persons defined as "close" relatives; the degree of which is determined by the society in which the persons live. Various theories exist to explain the origins and motivations of incest taboo , and in particular, whether or not such a taboo exists universally or relatively.
The following excerpt from Notes and Queries , the most well-established field manual for ethnographic research, illustrates the scope of ethnographic investigation into the matter.
As this excerpt suggests, anthropologists are interested in the gulf between cultural rules and actual behavior, and many ethnographers have observed that incest occurs in societies with prohibitions against incest. It should be further noted that in these theories anthropologists are generally concerned solely with brother-sister incest, and are not claiming that all forms of incest are taboo (these theories are further complicated by the fact that in many societies people related to one another in different ways, and sometimes distantly, are classified together as siblings). Moreover, the definition restricts itself to sexual intercourse; this does not mean that other forms of sexual contact do not occur, or are proscribed, or prescribed. It should also be noted that in these theories anthropologists are primarily concerned with marriage rules and not sexual behavior. In short, anthropologists were not studying "incest" per se; they were asking informants what they meant by "incest," and what the consequences of "incest" were, in order to map out social relationships within the community.
This excerpt also suggests that the relationship between sexual and marriage practices is complex, and that societies distinguish between different sorts of prohibitions. In other words, although an individual may be prohibited from marrying or having sexual relations with many people, different sexual relations may be prohibited for different reasons, and with different penalties.
For example, Trobriand Islanders prohibit both sexual relations between a man and his mother, and between a woman and her father, but they describe these prohibitions in very different ways: relations between a man and his mother fall within the category of forbidden relations among members of the same clan; relations between a woman and her father do not. This is because the Trobrianders are matrilineal; children belong to the clan of their mother and not of their father. Thus, sexual relations between a man and his mother's sister (and mother's sister's daughter) are also considered incestuous, but relations between a man and his father's sister are not. Indeed, a man and his father's sister will often have a flirtatious relationship, and a man and the daughter of his father's sister may prefer to have sexual relations or marry.
Examples from other societies further reveal the variation in local understandings of incest. In Chinese societies, there is a strong taboo against marriage of persons with the same surname no
matter how distantly related. There are often local taboos against marriage between people of
certain surnames on the grounds that these surnames belong to clans which were closely related
in the past. Similarly, although marriage between first cousins is forbidden in some contemporary jurisdictions it is both legal and acceptable in others.
Although anthropologists have observed and studied violations of incest taboos (in other words, cases of incest), all anthropological theories of the incest taboo are concerned with the formal proscription against incest (as defined locally), not with actual cases of incest (however defined). These theories are motivated by two major questions: first, given the variation in how different societies define incest, and in which relationships are proscribed, is there any general pattern or universal function of incest taboos? Second, given that people do commit incest, why do so many (indeed, arguably, all) societies proscribe certain forms of incest? These questions are not concerned with the specific effects of incest on specific people — a matter usually left to psychologists .
One theory is that the observance of the taboo would lower the incidence of congenital birth defects caused by inbreeding . A society that had noticed this might tend to form an incest taboo.
Anthropologists reject this explanation for two reasons. First, inbreeding does not directly lead to congenital birth defects per se; it leads to an increase in the frequency of homozygotes . A homozygote encoding a congenital birth defect will produce children with birth defects, but homozygotes that do not encode for congenital birth defects will decrease the number of carriers in a population.
One might complain that a society would have to have a fairly advanced understanding of genetics to recognise this potential "benefit" of incest, whereas the increased prevalence of birth defects is relatively easy to spot.
Second, anthropologists have pointed out that in the Trobriand case a man and the daughter of his father's sister, and a man and the daughter of his mother's sister, are equally distant genetically. In that particular case, the prohibition against relations is not based on or motivated by concerns over biological closeness.
Another theory suggests that the taboo expresses a psychological revulsion that people naturally experience anyway at the thought of incest.
Under this view, advanced by evolutionary psychologists , the incest taboo is primarily caused not by social condemnation, but rather by genes for incest avoidance, which would tend to prosper, by ensuring that an individual's children (possibly containing those same genes) are not unhealthy due to inbreeding. Furthermore, the benefits of sex (as opposed to asexual reproduction ) are mysterious (see evolution of sex ), but whatever they are, they would tend to be reduced by incest. Genes that prevented incest would tend to inhabit bodies that had more of these benefits, and therefore tend to become more widely spread.
Evolutionary psychologists (e.g. Steven Pinker in How the Mind Works ) suggest that genetic influence is at work in the Westermarck effect , whereby people raised in close proximity (whether related or not) tend to feel little sexual attraction to each other, after maturity.
Most anthropologists reject this explanation, since incest does in fact occur. They suggest that the taboo itself may be the cause of the psychological revulsion.
Claude Lévi-Strauss has argued that the incest taboo is in effect a prohibition against endogamy , and the effect is to encourage exogamy . Through exogamy, otherwise unrelated households or lineages will form relationships through marriage, thus strengthening social solidarity. Lévi-Strauss first exposed this Alliance theory in the Elementary Structures of Kinship (1949).
This theory was debated intensely by anthropologists in the 1950s. It appealed to many because it used the study of incest taboos and marriage to answer more fundamental research interests of anthropologists at the time: how can an anthropologist map out the social relationships within a given community, and how do these relationships promote or endanger social solidarity? Nevertheless, anthropologists never reached a consensus, and with the Vietnam War and the process of de-colonization in Africa, Asia, and Oceania, anthropological interests shifted away from mapping local social relationships.
This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia . The original content was at Incest taboo . The list of authors can be seen in the page history . As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License .
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Nothing could be worse than having to feel the pain of forbidden love. Love is boundless, and it is only human to feel emotions. We disregard situations, time, society, morality in the name of love, but it’s the sheer honesty and madness of it that makes love the most beautiful and delicate of human emotions. Empathy is the core of humanity, and we humans understand and feel each other’s pain. Films about forbidden love have always been a feast for cinephiles which makes it a very interesting topic for an article.
Needless to say, this is a highly subjective list, and the choice of movies might be controversial. But then I believe that’s the fun of it all. With all that said, here is a list of top movies about forbidden love of all time. These romance movies are based on taboo relationships. You can also watch these best taboo movies on Netflix, Hulu, or Amazon Prime.
Most people dismiss ‘ The Reader ‘ as a mediocre, Oscar-bait drama that’s nothing more than a skin show. But I, for one, love the film. It’s deeply flawed and may come off as a bit of a drag at times but just too beautiful and humane to dismiss. The film depicts the complex sexual relationship between a teenage kid and a woman in her mid-30s. Kate Winslet is stunning in her role as a woman struggling to deal with her inner demons and deeply torn by her shameful past. Watch it for its delicate rendering of humanity.
Bernardo Bertolucci’s controversial drama explores the disturbing relationship between a mother and her son. Joe, a teenager, has a troubled relationship with his parents, and after his mother’s husband commits suicide, he moves along with her to Rome. However, the boy’s emotional troubles begin to take a toll on him, and he begins to use drugs. In order to free him from the web of addiction, his mother grows increasingly closer to him, which develops into a sexual relationship. The film as a whole doesn’t hold up well, but the incestuous part is done in a very effective manner.
How, in our world, could the love story of a 20-year-old man and an 80-year-old woman be not a case of forbidden love? Hal Ashby’s black comedy romantic drama centers around a young man obsessed with death who frequently attends funerals, stages fake suicides, and grows increasingly detached from his mother. While romance might not seem to be the film’s thematic focus, the complex relationship between Harold and Maude is essential to understanding the sheer profoundness of the themes it deals with. They are two different worlds whose starkly contrasting perspectives on life form the core of the film. It might seem a bit bizarre and twisted for a certain audience, but it has aged incredibly well and feels thoroughly refreshing and original.
I haven’t been the biggest fan of ‘The Graduate’ except for its ending which, in my opinion, is one of the finest ever in cinema. It’s quite difficult to relate to a coming-of-drama that’s more than 50 years old. But there are some amazing moments in the film that still hold up well and manage to move me tremendously. ‘The Graduate’ was a trendsetting phenomenon that changed the way coming-of-dramas were made. The feeling of angst and sexual tension felt by Benjamin is palpable. He is seduced by the wife of his father’s business partner but ends up falling in love with her daughter. As I said, it might not hold up well for modern audiences, but it’s still an incredible experience and an absolute fun ride.
Arguably one of Stanley Kubrick ‘s more underrated works, ‘Lolita’ tells the story of a middle-aged man deeply infatuated with a gorgeous teenage girl. Adapted from Vladimir Nokobov’s novel of the same title, ‘Lolita’ generated controversy due to its bold subject and was panned by critics. Kubrick infuses a dark, perverse sense of humor that works brilliantly with its chaotic, often flippant narrative. The Censor Board back in the day had severe limitations, and so Kubrick had to compromise on certain aspects of the film which were highly bold and provocative for its time. This kind of affects the film on a thematic level. Nevertheless, it’s still an immensely fascinating film made by a filmmaker who would change cinema in the years to come.
Do we love a person because of their physicality? No, not really, as Spike Jonze made us believe that you could actually fall in love with an operating system too. Set in a futuristic world, ‘Her’ tells the story of Theodore Twombly – a lonely, divorced man who purchases an artificially intelligent operating system and develops an intimate relationship with it. There’s a very profound sense of irony here as ‘ Her ,’ despite being set in an unknown time in the future, is very much a film about today. We are often cruel to ourselves and struggle with our own identity in an unsparing world. Love here is way too abstract for any kind of physical embodiment. It’s incredibly touching and so deeply humane.
‘Boys Don’t Cry’ is a harrowing look at repressed sexuality and gender identity. The film is based on the real-life story of Brandon Teena, an American trans man who was brutally raped and killed in Nebraska. Brandon, played by Hillary Swank, adopts a male identity and moves to Nebraska, where he falls in love with Lana. They remain lovers despite Lana discovering Brandon’s true identity. Their romance is painful and uncertain as violence consumes their blissful but brief and fleeting span of time. If your idea of powerful cinema happens to be one that has the power to devastate and disturb you emotionally, then this is your kind of film.
‘The Ballad of Jack and Rose’ is a beautifully flawed film about the painful delicacies of human relationships. The great Daniel Day-Lewis plays Jack, a farmer with a heart condition who lives with his daughter who is isolated from the world outside her home. When Jack brings in his girlfriend, Kathleen, and her teenage sons home, his daughter begins to develop jealousy towards his partner. When he discovers that she had sex with Kathleen’s son, he is infuriated but is deeply torn when he realizes that she is in love with him. It’s a beautifully made drama that occasionally tends to drift and meander but manages to strike a chord in you because of the sheer warmth and humanity that it brings in.
This wouldn’t seem surprising at all. Ang Lee ‘s heart-wrenching cowboy romance is quite simply one of the most astonishing tales of forbidden love. Jack and Ennis spend their time together in the Wyoming mountains during the summer and develop a very passionate sexual and emotional relationship with each other. They are portrayed as outcasts, and they live in a cruel, judgemental world where feelings and desires are repressed. The film beautifully captures the angst, the verve, the passion, and the pain of love. Undoubtedly a movie for the ages.
Iranian director Majid Majidi is an extraordinary filmmaker. There’s an astonishing sense of warmth and simplicity in his cinema that makes it so endearing and charming. ‘Baran’ is one of his best works. It tells the story of a 17-year-old boy who works on a construction site where he falls in love with an Afghan refugee girl who is disguised as a boy so that she can work at the site. Only the boy knows the secret as he covertly watches her from behind her room to get a glimpse of her real beauty. They do not get to talk to each other but strongly contain their feelings for each other. Majid Majidi masterfully captures every single detail here that contributes to the beauty of the story.
This is the film I show people when they say that Martin Scorsese is a very unemotional director. Few love stories have been as emotionally devastating and brutally painful as ‘The Age of Innocence.’ It tells the story of Newland Archer – a young and ambitious lawyer engaged to a woman from a highly respected family. However, things change when Archer falls in love with his fiancee’s cousin, Ellen. Their repressed emotions intensify the passion and intimacy of their relationship, making their eventual fate a deeply tragic one. It’s brutal, inexplicably painful, and too powerful to even talk about.
Arguably the most controversial film on the list, ‘Ma Mere’ is easily the most disturbing and unwatchable film about incest ever made. The film features the great Isabelle Huppert playing an incestuous mother obsessed with sex w
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