TELEBIT
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Pioneer P-3 (also known as Atlas-Able 4 or Pioneer X) was intended to be a lunar orbiter probe, but the mission failed shortly after launch. The objectives were to place a highly instrumented probe in lunar orbit, to investigate the environment between the Earth and Moon, and to develop technology for controlling and maneuvering spacecraft from Earth. It was equipped to take images of the lunar surface with a television-like system, estimate the Moon's mass and topography of the poles, record the distribution and velocity of micrometeorites, and study radiation, magnetic fields, and low frequency electromagnetic waves in space. A mid-course propulsion system and injection rocket would have been the first United States self-contained propulsion system capable of operation many months after launch at great distances from Earth and the first U.S. tests of maneuvering a satellite in space.
In connection with: Pioneer P-3
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The Hayes command set (also known as the AT command set) is a specific command language originally developed by Dale Heatherington and Dennis Hayes for the Hayes Smartmodem in 1981. The command set consists of a series of short text strings which can be combined to produce commands for operations such as dialing, hanging up, and changing the parameters of the connection. The vast majority of dial-up modems use the Hayes command set in numerous variations. The command set covered only those operations supported by the earliest 300 bit/s modems. When new commands were required to control additional functionality in higher speed modems, a variety of one-off standards emerged from each of the major vendors. These continued to share the basic command structure and syntax, but added any number of new commands using some sort of prefix character – & for Hayes and USRobotics, and \ for Microcom, for instance. Many of these were re-standardized on the Hayes extensions after the introduction of the SupraFAXModem 14400 and the market consolidation that followed. The term "Hayes compatible" was and as of 2018 still is important within the industry.
In connection with: Hayes AT command set
Title combos: command AT Hayes AT command Hayes AT command set
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Telebit Corporation was a US-based modem manufacturer, known for their TrailBlazer series of high-speed modems. One of the first modems to routinely exceed 9600 bit/s speeds, the TrailBlazer used a proprietary modulation scheme that proved highly resilient to interference, earning the product an almost legendary reputation for reliability despite mediocre (or worse) line quality. They were particularly common in Unix installations in the 1980s and 1990s. The high price of the Telebit modems was initially not a concern as their performance was equally high compared to other systems. However, as new designs using V.32 and V.32bis began to arrive in the early 1990s, Telebit's price/performance ratio was seriously eroded. A series of new designs followed, but these never regained their performance lead. By the mid-1990s the company had been part of a series of mergers and eventually disappeared in 1998 after being acquired by Digi International.
In connection with: Telebit
Description combos: for interference However disappeared high compared the to legendary new modem their worse almost to mid for of TrailBlazer manufacturer the ratio began early performance never their known US TrailBlazer bit was mediocre not based to routinely high followed the mediocre mergers these of 1980s series high first 9600 exceed had proved routinely bit eroded followed high as equally Telebit being almost modem that the used modems high modem performance designs 1990s speed their US performance scheme was to modulation highly
Hayes Microcomputer Products was a US-based manufacturer of modems. The company is known for the Smartmodem, which introduced a control language for operating the functions of the modem via the serial interface, in contrast to manual operation with front-panel switches. This smart modem approach dramatically simplified and automated operation. Today almost all modems use a variant of the Hayes AT command set. Hayes was a major brand in the modem market from the introduction of the original 300 bit/s Smartmodem in 1981. They remained a major vendor throughout the 1980s, periodically introducing models with higher throughput. Their competition through this period was primarily from two other high-end vendors, USRobotics and Telebit, while other companies mostly sold into niches or were strictly low-end offerings. In the early 1990s a number of greatly cost-reduced high-performance modems were released by competitors, notably the SupraFAXModem 14400 in 1992, which eroded price points in the market. Hayes was never able to respond effectively. The widespread introduction of ADSL and cable modems in the mid-1990s repeatedly drove the company in Chapter 11 protection before being liquidated in 1999.
In connection with: Hayes Microcomputer Products
Title combos: Microcomputer Products Microcomputer Hayes Products
Description combos: while the and variant in Hayes was Products modems command SupraFAXModem The notably the Chapter and Smartmodem switches the 300 the almost Hayes Their the operating manufacturer major and USRobotics through competition manufacturer set the modem the which of mostly throughput or command almost was major competitors in set competition introduced contrast USRobotics this language were 14400 SupraFAXModem Hayes smart offerings models US operating major modems use the approach to was competitors through offerings price functions which automated was Chapter before
ZMODEM is an inline file transfer protocol developed by Chuck Forsberg in 1986, in a project funded by Telenet in order to improve file transfers on their X.25 network. In addition to dramatically improved performance compared to older protocols, ZMODEM offered restartable transfers, auto-start by the sender, an expanded 32-bit CRC, and control character quoting supporting 8-bit clean transfers, allowing it to be used on networks that would not pass control characters. In contrast to most transfer protocols developed for bulletin board systems (BBSs), ZMODEM was not directly based on, nor compatible with, the seminal XMODEM. Many variants of XMODEM had been developed in order to address one or more of its shortcomings, and most remained backward compatible and would successfully complete transfers with "classic" XMODEM implementations. This list includes Forsberg's own YMODEM. ZMODEM eschewed backward compatibility in favor of producing a radically improved protocol. It performed at least as well as any of the high-performance varieties of XMODEM, did so over links that previously did not work at all, like X.25, or had poor performance, like Telebit modems, and included useful features found in few other protocols. ZMODEM became extremely popular on bulletin board systems (BBS) in the early 1990s, becoming a standard as widespread as XMODEM had been before it.
In connection with: ZMODEM
Description combos: developed start protocol project 1990s XMODEM so file was developed variants order older least shortcomings quoting least order in to developed systems it networks nor developed of inline before did nor ZMODEM one well inline high as contrast funded more so ZMODEM like in XMODEM extremely not protocol developed transfers more implementations address Forsberg control ZMODEM was BBSs bulletin used did control on that ZMODEM variants project or This had so and all systems would had networks address other file over
XMODEM is a simple file transfer protocol developed as a quick hack by Ward Christensen for use in his 1977 MODEM.ASM terminal program. It allowed users to transmit files between their computers when both sides used MODEM. Keith Petersen made a minor update to always turn on "quiet mode", and called the result XMODEM. XMODEM, like most file transfer protocols, breaks up the original data into a series of "packets" that are sent to the receiver, along with additional information allowing the receiver to determine whether that packet was correctly received. If an error is detected, the receiver requests that the packet be re-sent. A string of bad packets causes the transfer to abort. XMODEM became extremely popular in the early bulletin board system (BBS) market, largely because it was simple to implement. It was also fairly inefficient, and as modem speeds increased, this problem led to the development of a number of modified versions of XMODEM to improve performance or address other problems with the protocol. Christensen believed his original XMODEM to be "the single most modified program in computing history". Chuck Forsberg collected a number of common modifications into his YMODEM protocol, but poor implementation led to a further fracturing before they were re-unified by his later ZMODEM protocol. ZMODEM became very popular, but never completely replaced XMODEM in the BBS market.
In connection with: XMODEM
Description combos: files XMODEM completely used that both into files breaks popular popular in file the packets largely developed Ward transmit popular original transmit to largely most the information computing update use called Petersen users speeds believed BBS transfer simple and Forsberg speeds to number XMODEM by information always and are poor the fairly believed of with program further BBS XMODEM became the led were ZMODEM the became improve XMODEM single 1977 is Keith sides Christensen single between Ward receiver on their the
The Microcom Networking Protocols, almost always shortened to MNP, is a family of error-correcting protocols commonly used on early high-speed (2400 bit/s and higher) modems. Originally developed for use on Microcom's own family of modems, the protocol was later openly licensed and used by most of the modem industry, notably the "big three", Telebit, USRobotics and Hayes. MNP was later supplanted by V.42bis, which was used almost universally starting with the first V.32bis modems in the early 1990s.
In connection with: Microcom Networking Protocol
Title combos: Microcom Networking Microcom Networking Protocol
Description combos: the Protocols the openly on the use big error 1990s shortened family used early of is MNP industry almost USRobotics developed protocols protocol always the universally MNP used shortened Microcom early family higher use the and which The to early Microcom is by bit Microcom modems 32bis notably of bit high correcting 2400 Microcom used which in and almost the the used used to speed by and industry by Telebit USRobotics 1990s the the the almost Microcom later correcting own higher
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