Swift Private

Swift Private
public class SomePublicClass {}
internal class SomeInternalClass {}
fileprivate class SomeFilePrivateClass {}
private class SomePrivateClass {}

public var somePublicVariable = 0
internal let someInternalConstant = 0
fileprivate func someFilePrivateFunction () {}
private func somePrivateFunction () {}

class SomeInternalClass {} // implicitly internal
let someInternalConstant = 0 // implicitly internal

public class SomePublicClass { // explicitly public class
public var somePublicProperty = 0 // explicitly public class member
var someInternalProperty = 0 // implicitly internal class member
fileprivate func someFilePrivateMethod () {} // explicitly file-private class member
private func somePrivateMethod () {} // explicitly private class member
}

class SomeInternalClass { // implicitly internal class
var someInternalProperty = 0 // implicitly internal class member
fileprivate func someFilePrivateMethod () {} // explicitly file-private class member
private func somePrivateMethod () {} // explicitly private class member
}

fileprivate class SomeFilePrivateClass { // explicitly file-private class
func someFilePrivateMethod () {} // implicitly file-private class member
private func somePrivateMethod () {} // explicitly private class member
}

private class SomePrivateClass { // explicitly private class
func somePrivateMethod () {} // implicitly private class member
}

func someFunction () -> ( SomeInternalClass , SomePrivateClass ) {
// function implementation goes here
}

private func someFunction () -> ( SomeInternalClass , SomePrivateClass ) {
// function implementation goes here
}

public enum CompassPoint {
case north
case south
case east
case west
}

public class A {
fileprivate func someMethod () {}
}

internal class B : A {
override internal func someMethod () {}
}

public class A {
fileprivate func someMethod () {}
}

internal class B : A {
override internal func someMethod () {
super . someMethod ()
}
}

private var privateInstance = SomePrivateClass ()

struct TrackedString {
private(set) var numberOfEdits = 0
var value : String = "" {
didSet {
numberOfEdits += 1
}
}
}

var stringToEdit = TrackedString ()
stringToEdit . value = "This string will be tracked."
stringToEdit . value += " This edit will increment numberOfEdits."
stringToEdit . value += " So will this one."
print ( "The number of edits is \ ( stringToEdit . numberOfEdits ) " )
// Prints "The number of edits is 3"

public struct TrackedString {
public private(set) var numberOfEdits = 0
public var value : String = "" {
didSet {
numberOfEdits += 1
}
}
public init () {}
}

protocol SomeProtocol {
func doSomething ()
}

struct SomeStruct {
private var privateVariable = 12
}

extension SomeStruct : SomeProtocol {
func doSomething () {
print ( privateVariable )
}
}

Access control restricts access to parts of your code from code in other source files and modules. This feature enables you to hide the implementation details of your code, and to specify a preferred interface through which that code can be accessed and used.
You can assign specific access levels to individual types (classes, structures, and enumerations), as well as to properties, methods, initializers, and subscripts belonging to those types. Protocols can be restricted to a certain context, as can global constants, variables, and functions.
In addition to offering various levels of access control, Swift reduces the need to specify explicit access control levels by providing default access levels for typical scenarios. Indeed, if you are writing a single-target app, you may not need to specify explicit access control levels at all.
The various aspects of your code that can have access control applied to them (properties, types, functions, and so on) are referred to as “entities” in the sections below, for brevity.
Swift’s access control model is based on the concept of modules and source files.
A module is a single unit of code distribution—a framework or application that’s built and shipped as a single unit and that can be imported by another module with Swift’s import keyword.
Each build target (such as an app bundle or framework) in Xcode is treated as a separate module in Swift. If you group together aspects of your app’s code as a stand-alone framework—perhaps to encapsulate and reuse that code across multiple applications—then everything you define within that framework will be part of a separate module when it’s imported and used within an app, or when it’s used within another framework.
A source file is a single Swift source code file within a module (in effect, a single file within an app or framework). Although it’s common to define individual types in separate source files, a single source file can contain definitions for multiple types, functions, and so on.
Swift provides five different access levels for entities within your code. These access levels are relative to the source file in which an entity is defined, and also relative to the module that source file belongs to.
Open access and public access enable entities to be used within any source file from their defining module, and also in a source file from another module that imports the defining module. You typically use open or public access when specifying the public interface to a framework. The difference between open and public access is described below.
Internal access enables entities to be used within any source file from their defining module, but not in any source file outside of that module. You typically use internal access when defining an app’s or a framework’s internal structure.
File-private access restricts the use of an entity to its own defining source file. Use file-private access to hide the implementation details of a specific piece of functionality when those details are used within an entire file.
Private access restricts the use of an entity to the enclosing declaration, and to extensions of that declaration that are in the same file. Use private access to hide the implementation details of a specific piece of functionality when those details are used only within a single declaration.
Open access is the highest (least restrictive) access level and private access is the lowest (most restrictive) access level.
Open access applies only to classes and class members, and it differs from public access by allowing code outside the module to subclass and override, as discussed below in Subclassing . Marking a class as open explicitly indicates that you’ve considered the impact of code from other modules using that class as a superclass, and that you’ve designed your class’s code accordingly.
Access levels in Swift follow an overall guiding principle: No entity can be defined in terms of another entity that has a lower (more restrictive) access level.
A public variable can’t be defined as having an internal, file-private, or private type, because the type might not be available everywhere that the public variable is used.
A function can’t have a higher access level than its parameter types and return type, because the function could be used in situations where its constituent types are unavailable to the surrounding code.
The specific implications of this guiding principle for different aspects of the language are covered in detail below.
All entities in your code (with a few specific exceptions, as described later in this chapter) have a default access level of internal if you don’t specify an explicit access level yourself. As a result, in many cases you don’t need to specify an explicit access level in your code.
When you write a simple single-target app, the code in your app is typically self-contained within the app and doesn’t need to be made available outside of the app’s module. The default access level of internal already matches this requirement. Therefore, you don’t need to specify a custom access level. You may, however, want to mark some parts of your code as file private or private in order to hide their implementation details from other code within the app’s module.
When you develop a framework, mark the public-facing interface to that framework as open or public so that it can be viewed and accessed by other modules, such as an app that imports the framework. This public-facing interface is the application programming interface (or API) for the framework.
Any internal implementation details of your framework can still use the default access level of internal, or can be marked as private or file private if you want to hide them from other parts of the framework’s internal code. You need to mark an entity as open or public only if you want it to become part of your framework’s API.
When you write an app with a unit test target, the code in your app needs to be made available to that module in order to be tested. By default, only entities marked as open or public are accessible to other modules. However, a unit test target can access any internal entity, if you mark the import declaration for a product module with the @testable attribute and compile that product module with testing enabled.
Define the access level for an entity by placing one of the open , public , internal , fileprivate , or private modifiers at the beginning of the entity’s declaration.
Unless otherwise specified, the default access level is internal, as described in Default Access Levels . This means that SomeInternalClass and someInternalConstant can be written without an explicit access-level modifier, and will still have an access level of internal:
If you want to specify an explicit access level for a custom type, do so at the point that you define the type. The new type can then be used wherever its access level permits. For example, if you define a file-private class, that class can only be used as the type of a property, or as a function parameter or return type, in the source file in which the file-private class is defined.
The access control level of a type also affects the default access level of that type’s members (its properties, methods, initializers, and subscripts). If you define a type’s access level as private or file private, the default access level of its members will also be private or file private. If you define a type’s access level as internal or public (or use the default access level of internal without specifying an access level explicitly), the default access level of the type’s members will be internal.
A public type defaults to having internal members, not public members. If you want a type member to be public, you must explicitly mark it as such. This requirement ensures that the public-facing API for a type is something you opt in to publishing, and avoids presenting the internal workings of a type as public API by mistake.
The access level for a tuple type is the most restrictive access level of all types used in that tuple. For example, if you compose a tuple from two different types, one with internal access and one with private access, the access level for that compound tuple type will be private.
Tuple types don’t have a standalone definition in the way that classes, structures, enumerations, and functions do. A tuple type’s access level is determined automatically from the types that make up the tuple type, and can’t be specified explicitly.
The access level for a function type is calculated as the most restrictive access level of the function’s parameter types and return type. You must specify the access level explicitly as part of the function’s definition if the function’s calculated access level doesn’t match the contextual default.
The example below defines a global function called someFunction() , without providing a specific access-level modifier for the function itself. You might expect this function to have the default access level of “internal”, but this isn’t the case. In fact, someFunction() won’t compile as written below:
The function’s return type is a tuple type composed from two of the custom classes defined above in Custom Types . One of these classes is defined as internal, and the other is defined as private. Therefore, the overall access level of the compound tuple type is private (the minimum access level of the tuple’s constituent types).
Because the function’s return type is private, you must mark the function’s overall access level with the private modifier for the function declaration to be valid:
It’s not valid to mark the definition of someFunction() with the public or internal modifiers, or to use the default setting of internal, because public or internal users of the function might not have appropriate access to the private class used in the function’s return type.
The individual cases of an enumeration automatically receive the same access level as the enumeration they belong to. You can’t specify a different access level for individual enumeration cases.
In the example below, the CompassPoint enumeration has an explicit access level of public. The enumeration cases north , south , east , and west therefore also have an access level of public:
The types used for any raw values or associated values in an enumeration definition must have an access level at least as high as the enumeration’s access level. For example, you can’t use a private type as the raw-value type of an enumeration with an internal access level.
The access level of a nested type is the same as its containing type, unless the containing type is public. Nested types defined within a public type have an automatic access level of internal. If you want a nested type within a public type to be publicly available, you must explicitly declare the nested type as public.
You can subclass any class that can be accessed in the current access context and that’s defined in the same module as the subclass. You can also subclass any open class that’s defined in a different module. A subclass can’t have a higher access level than its superclass—for example, you can’t write a public subclass of an internal superclass.
In addition, for classes that are defined in the same module, you can override any class member (method, property, initializer, or subscript) that’s visible in a certain access context. For classes that are defined in another module, you can override any open class member.
An override can make an inherited class member more accessible than its superclass version. In the example below, class A is a public class with a file-private method called someMethod() . Class B is a subclass of A , with a reduced access level of “internal”. Nonetheless, class B provides an override of someMethod() with an access level of “internal”, which is higher than the original implementation of someMethod() :
It’s even valid for a subclass member to call a superclass member that has lower access permissions than the subclass member, as long as the call to the superclass’s member takes place within an allowed access level context (that is, within the same source file as the superclass for a file-private member call, or within the same module as the superclass for an internal member call):
Because superclass A and subclass B are defined in the same source file, it’s valid for the B implementation of someMethod() to call super.someMethod() .
A constant, variable, or property can’t be more public than its type. It’s not valid to write a public property with a private type, for example. Similarly, a subscript can’t be more public than either its index type or return type.
If a constant, variable, property, or subscript makes use of a private type, the constant, variable, property, or subscript must also be marked as private :
Getters and setters for constants, variables, properties, and subscripts automatically receive the same access level as the constant, variable, property, or subscript they belong to.
You can give a setter a lower access level than its corresponding getter, to restrict the read-write scope of that variable, property, or subscript. You assign a lower access level by writing fileprivate(set) , private(set) , or internal(set) before the var or subscript introducer.
This rule applies to stored properties as well as computed properties. Even though you don’t write an explicit getter and setter for a stored property, Swift still synthesizes an implicit getter and setter for you to provide access to the stored property’s backing storage. Use fileprivate(set) , private(set) , and internal(set) to change the access level of this synthesized setter in exactly the same way as for an explicit setter in a computed property.
The example below defines a structure called TrackedString , which keeps track of the number of times a string property is modified:
The TrackedString structure defines a stored string property called value , with an initial value of "" (an empty string). The structure also defines a stored integer property called numberOfEdits , which is used to track the number of times that value is modified. This modification tracking is implemented with a didSet property observer on the value property, which increments numberOfEdits every time the value property is set to a new value.
The TrackedString structure and the value property don’t provide an explicit access-level modifier, and so they both receive the default access level of internal. However, the access level for the numberOfEdits property is marked with a private(set) modifier to indicate that the property’s getter still has the default access level of internal, but the property is settable only from within code that’s part of the TrackedString structure. This enables TrackedString to modify the numberOfEdits property internally, but to present the property as a read-only property when it’s used outside the structure’s definition.
If you create a TrackedString instance and modify its string value a few times, you can see the numberOfEdits property value update to match the number of modifications:
Although you can query the current value of the numberOfEdits property from within another source file, you can’t modify the property from another source file. This restriction protects the implementation details of the TrackedString edit-tracking functionality, while still providing convenient access to an aspect of that functionality.
Note that you can assign an explicit access level for both a getter and a setter if required. The example below shows a version of the TrackedString structure in which the structure is defined with an explicit access level of public. The structure’s members (including the numberOfEdits property) therefore have an internal access level by default. You can make the structure’s numberOfEdits property getter public, and its property setter private, by combining the public and private(set) access-level modifiers:
Custom initializers can be assigned an access level less than or equal to the type that they initialize. The only exception
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