Superhero
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^ "Definition of SUPERHERO" . www.merriam-webster.com . Retrieved September 7, 2020 .
^ Niccum, John (March 17, 2006). " ' V for Vendetta' is S for Subversive" . Lawrence Journal-World . Lawrence, Kansas . Archived from the original on November 14, 2013.
^ Gesh, Lois H.; Weinberg, Robert (2002). "The Dark Knight: Batman: A NonSuper Superhero" (PDF) . The Science of Superheroes . John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-02460-6 . Archived (PDF) from the original on November 6, 2015.
^ Lovece, Frank (July 16, 2008). " The Dark Knight " . (movie review) Film Journal International . Archived from the original on November 7, 2014 . Retrieved February 5, 2009 . Batman himself is an anomaly as one of the few superheroes without superpowers…
^ "Superhero | Define Superhero at Dictionary.com" . Dictionary.reference.com. Archived from the original on November 13, 2014 . Retrieved March 26, 2016 .
^ "Superhero | Definition of Superhero by Merriam-Webster" . Merriam-webster.com. March 22, 2016 . Retrieved March 26, 2016 .
^ Jump up to: a b "Superhero - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary" . Archived from the original on November 5, 2014 . Retrieved March 26, 2016 .
^ Coogan, Peter (July 25, 2006). Superhero: The Secret Origin of a Genre . Austin, Texas: MonkeyBrain Books . ISBN 1-932265-18-X .
^ Roger Ebert. Roger Ebert's review of Watchmen rogerebert.com; March 4, 2009
^ Jump up to: a b Packer, Sharon (2009). Superheroes and Superegos: Analyzing the Minds Behind the Masks . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 52. ISBN 978-0313355363 .
^ Crawford, Richard. "The Wild West : Executions Staged by Vigilantes Marred Justice in the 1880s" . Los Angeles Times . April 30, 1992
^ Sokol, Tony. "The Punisher and The Dark Myth of the Real Life Vigilante" . Den of Geek . January 20, 2019
^ Gavaler, Chris. On the Origin of Superheroes: From the Big Bang to Action Comics No. 1 . University Of Iowa Press; 1 edition (November 1, 2015). p. 132. ISBN 978-1609383817
^ Lovece, Frank (November 11, 2013). "Superheroes Go the American Way on PBS" . Newsday . New York / Long Island . Archived from the original on February 22, 2014 . Retrieved November 15, 2013 .
^ Davin, Eric Leif (2006). Partners in Wonder: Women and the Birth of Science Fiction, 1926-1965 . Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-1267-0 .
^ "Citations for superhero n."
^ Davisson, Zack (December 19, 2010). "The First Superhero – The Golden Bat?" . ComicsBulletin.com. Archived from the original on November 9, 2014 . Retrieved November 18, 2014 .
^ Bradner, Liesl (November 29, 2009). "The superheroes of Japan who predated Superman and Batman" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 5, 2014 . Retrieved November 18, 2014 .
^ "Who was the first superhero?" . Archived from the original on March 30, 2012 . Retrieved March 26, 2016 .
^ "Don Markstein's Toonopedia: The Adventures of Patsy" . Toonopedia.com. March 11, 1935 . Retrieved March 26, 2016 .
^ "First superhero ever in the world. Mandrake the Magician Lee Falk Popeye the Sailor Man Superman" . Thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. February 17, 1936. Archived from the original on April 6, 2016 . Retrieved March 26, 2016 .
^ Glen Weldon; Michael Kantor. Superheroes!:Capes cowls and the creation of comic book culture . p. 87.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Golden Age Of Comics" . www.pbs.org . Retrieved January 11, 2018 .
^ Burke, Liam (2008). Superhero Movies . Harpenden, UK: Oldcastle Books. ISBN 978-1842432754 . If Superman can be credited with the creation of the superhero archetype, then Batman should be recognised for its refinement.
^ Lee, Stan (2013). "The Two Superhero Archetypes" . Stan Lee's How to Draw Superheroes . Watson-Guptill . p. 38. ISBN 978-0823098453 .
^ LoCicero, Don (2007). Superheroes and Gods: A Comparative Study from Babylonia to Batman . McFarland & Company. p. 7. ISBN 978-0786431847 . [T]he superhero is a concept [...] an archetype residing in the human psyche.
^ Markstein, Don. "The Black Widow" . Don Markstein's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on April 15, 2012 . Retrieved July 26, 2013 . Fantomah was the first female character in comics to use extraordinary powers in combatting evil. The Woman in Red was the first to wear a flashy costume and maintain a dual identity while doing so. On the other hand, The Black Widow was the first to do both.
^ Fantomah, Mystery Woman of the Jungle at Don Markstein's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on January 29, 2015.
^ Heintjes, Tom (May 11, 2012). "Not Seen but not Forgotten: The Invisible Scarlet O'Neil" . Hogan's Alley (17). Archived from the original on June 12, 2013 . Retrieved January 16, 2013 .
^ Schelly, Bill (June 18, 2013). The Best of Alter Ego Volume 2 . Alter Ego . TwoMorrows Publishing . ISBN 978-1-60549-048-9 .
^ Carper, Steve (June 27, 2019). Robots in American Popular Culture . McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-3505-7 .
^ "Don Markstein's Toonopedia: The Woman in Red" . Toonopedia.com . Retrieved March 26, 2016 .
^ "GCD :: Issue :: Thrilling Comics #v1#2 (2)" . Comics.org. January 11, 1940 . Retrieved March 26, 2016 .
^ "Don Markstein's Toonopedia: Miss Fury" . Toonopedia.com. April 6, 1941. Archived from the original on April 9, 2012 . Retrieved March 26, 2016 .
^ "Don Markstein's Toonopedia: The Black Cat" . Toonopedia.com . Retrieved March 26, 2016 .
^ "GCD :: Issue :: Pocket Comics #1" . Comics.org . Retrieved March 26, 2016 .
^ Jim Amash & Eric Nolen-Weathington, (2010), Carmine Infantino: Penciler, Publisher, Provocateur p.30-32
^ Curtis M. Wong (August 19, 2015). "Wonder Woman Officiates Her First Gay Wedding" . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved March 27, 2016 .
^ Lamb, Marguerite (Fall 2001). "Who Was Wonder Woman?" . Bostonia . Archived from the original on January 19, 2007.
^ Malcolm, Andrew H. (February 18, 1992). "OUR TOWNS - She's Behind the Match For That Man of Steel - NYTimes.com" . New York Times . Retrieved March 26, 2016 .
^ Japan Pop!: Inside the World of Japanese Popular Culture , p. 262 ISBN 0-7656-0560-0
^ Lankes, Kevin (June 22, 2014). "Godzilla's Secret History" . Huffington Post . Retrieved March 19, 2018 .
^ Grebey, James (May 28, 2019). "The history of Ghidorah, Godzilla's rival for the title of King of the Monsters" . Syfy Wire . NBCUniversal . Retrieved May 27, 2020 .
^ Glut, Donald F. (2001). "Godzilla, Saurian Superhero" . Jurassic Classics: A Collection of Saurian Essays and Mesozoic Musings . McFarland & Company . p. 225. ISBN 978-0-7864-6246-9 .
^ Takeshobo, ed. (November 30, 1995). "BonusColumn「変身ブーム到来!!」" [Bonus Column 'The Henshin Boom Arrives!']. 超人画報 国産架空ヒーロー四十年の歩み [ The Super Heroes Chronicles: The History of Japanese Fantastic Televisions, Movies and Videos, 1957-1995 ] (in Japanese). Takeshobo . p. 85. ISBN 4-88475-874-9 . C0076.
^ "We were all in love with Diana Rigg and that show she was on." Mike Sekowsky, quoted in Les Daniels, Wonder Woman: The Complete History (Chronicle, 2004), p. 129.
^ Wonder Woman Wears Pants: Wonder Woman , Feminism and the 1972 “Women’s Lib” Issue , by Ann Matsuuchi [ permanent dead link ] , in Colloquy: text theory critique , no.24 (2012); archived at Monash University
^ W. Wright, Bradford (2001). Comic Book Nation: The Transformation of Youth Culture in America . United States: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 250 . ISBN 0-8018-6514-X . Retrieved December 29, 2014 . lady liberators.
^ Alter Ego #70 (July 1970): Roy Thomas interview, pp. 49-50
^ Kristiansen, Ulrik; Sørensen, Tue (May 1, 1996). "An Interview with Chris Claremont" . Comic Zone . Archived from the original on September 28, 2007.
^ Sunu, Steve (January 14, 2013). "Wood and Coipel Mutate "X-Men" for Marvel NOW!" . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved January 14, 2013 .
^ By Maria Aspan. "What We Learned About Power From Buffy the Vampire Slayer" . Inc.com . Retrieved March 26, 2016 .
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^ "Zyu2" . GrnRngr.com. October 24, 2006 . Retrieved November 11, 2013 .
^ "Can Sailor Moon Break Up the Superhero Boys Club?" . The Atlantic . Retrieved July 19, 2014 .
^ "Sailor Moon superhero may replace Power Rangers" . Ludington Daily News . Retrieved July 19, 2014 .
^ Sailor Moon (superhero) . The Superhero Book: The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Comic Book Icons. January 1, 2004. ISBN 9781578591541 . Retrieved July 19, 2014 .
^ "Moon Prism Power! Why Sailor Moon is the perfect female superhero" . Leslie IRL. Archived from the original on February 23, 2014 . Retrieved July 19, 2014 .
^ Comella, Anthony (March 24, 2013). "Grrrl power: why female superheroes matter" . Pop Mythology . Retrieved July 19, 2014 .
^ "Superhero | Define Superhero at Dictionary.com" . Dictionary.reference.com . Retrieved March 26, 2016 .
^ Ulaby, Neda (March 27, 2006). "Comics Creators Search for 'Super Hero' Alternative" . All Things Considered . NPR . Archived from the original on September 22, 2013.
^ Marvel Characters, Inc.; DC Comics ; United States Patent and Trademark Office (November 16, 2004). "Trademark Status & Document Retrieval" . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Retrieved October 30, 2013 . US Serial Number: 78356610 [...] Standard Character Claim: Yes. The mark consists of standard characters without claim to any particular font style, size, or color.
^ Jump up to: a b Stewart, DG (June 1, 2017). " " The "Superhero" Trademark: how the name of a genre came to be owned by DC and Marvel, and how they enforce it " " . World Comic Book Review . Retrieved June 20, 2017 .
^ Coleman, Ron (March 27, 2006). "SUPER HERO® my foot" . Likelihood of Confusion. Archived from the original on July 22, 2014.
^ Doctorow, Cory (March 18, 2006). "Marvel Comics: stealing our language" . Boing Boing . Archived from the original on August 18, 2014.
^ Dowling, Jennifer (May 7, 2009). 'Oy Gevalt': A Peek at the Development of Jewish Superheroines . The Contemporary Comic Book Superhero . UK. ISBN 9781135213930 . Retrieved August 22, 2015 .
^ Jump up to: a b "Sign Gene by Emilio Insolera arrives at cinema" . ASVOFF . September 10, 2017.
^ Comic Book Lecture Moore, Dr. Eric. 2019. TAMUCC.
^ Jump up to: a b c Nicosia, Matthew (2016). Performing the Female Superhero: An Analysis of Identity Acquisition, Violence, and Hypersexuality in DC Comics (Thesis). Bowling Green State University. Archived from the original on December 7, 2019 . Retrieved December 7, 2019 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Avery-Natale, Edward (January 1, 2013). "An Analysis of Embodiment Among Six Superheroes in DC Comics" . Social Thought and Research . doi : 10.17161/str.1808.12434 . ISSN 1094-5830 .
^ Jump up to: a b Chute, Rebecca. 2016. "The" Pornographic Polemic": The Objectification and Inferiority of Female Comic Book Characters." UNBC Award for Academic Writing International Student Academic Writing Award William & Mary Wanka History :1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d EMAD, MITRA C. (December 2006). "Reading Wonder Woman's Body: Mythologies of Gender and Nation". The Journal of Popular Culture . 39 (6): 954–984. doi : 10.1111/j.1540-5931.2006.00329.x . ISSN 0022-3840 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d Wade, Lisa (Professor) (2019). Gender . Ferree, Myra Marx (Second ed.). New York. ISBN 978-0-393-66796-7 . OCLC 1050142539 .
^ Jump up to: a b c Crawshaw, Trisha L. 2015. "Truth, Justice, Boobs? Analyzing Female Empowerment and Objectification in the Graphic Novel Genre."
^ Rubin, Alexandra. 2015. "The Female Superhero: Fighting Villains and Stereotypes." A Publication of the Critical Writing Program the University of Pennsylvania 3808 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104-6221 :18.
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^ "The hilarious Hawkeye Initiative pokes fun at sexist comics art | Blastr" . December 6, 2012. Archived from the original on December 6, 2012 . Retrieved May 15, 2020 .
^ "Strong Female Superhero Pose meme gets a Hawkeye reboot" . The Daily Dot . December 3, 2012 . Retrieved May 15, 2020 .
^ Brown, Jeffrey A. (2001). Black Superheroes, Milestone Comics and their Fans . University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 1-57806-281-0 .
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^ Kaplan, Arie (2008). From Krakow to Krypton: Jews and Comic Books . The Jewish Publication Society. p. 120. ISBN 978-0827608436 . In Uncanny X-Men #129 cover-dated Jan. 1979 and on sale in late 1978, writer Chris Claremont and the artist John Byrne created Katherine "Kitty" Pryde, aka Shadowcat, a young Jewish girl who possess the mutant ability to walk through walls.
^ Lynskey, Dorian (March 25, 2015). "Kapow! Attack of the feminist superheroes" . The Guardian . UK. Archived from the original on August 19, 2015.
^ Kawasaki, Anton. "Northstar – GAY LEAGUE" . Gayleague.com . Retrieved March 26, 2016 .
^ Hick, Darren. "The Comics Journal Performs a Public Service" . The Comics Journal . Archived from the original on October 5, 2009.
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^ Neuman, Clayton (June 4, 2006). "Caped Crusaders" . TIME . Archived from the original on June 28, 2006 . Retrieved March 26, 2016 .
^ Hanks, Henry (April 22, 2015). " ' X-Men' character Iceman outed as gay" . CNN.com . Retrieved March 26, 2016 .
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^ Kane, Matt (April 10, 2013). " ' Batgirl' Comic Introduces Transgender Character" . GLAAD . Retrieved March 26, 2016 .
^ "Intersections: Male Homosexuality and Popular Culture in Modern Japan" . She.murdoch.edu.au . Retrieved March 26, 2016 .
^ Anime, mon amour: Forget Pokemon - Japanese animation explodes with gay, lesbian, and trans themes - video - Charles Solomon
^ "Sailor Neptune and Uranus Come Out of the Fictional Closet" . Huffington Post . May 21, 2014.
^ Trigari, Michela (September 12, 2017). "Sign Gene è il nuovo film di supereroi sordi" . Corriere della Sera (in Italian).
^ "Quando il super eroe è sordo" (in Italian). Avvenire . September 10, 2017.
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A superhero or superheroine is a stock character that possesses superpowers , abilities beyond those of ordinary people, and fits the role of the hero , typically using his or her powers to help the world become a better place , or dedicating themselves to protecting the public and fighting crime . Superhero fiction is the genre of fiction that is centered on such characters, [1] especially, since the 1930s, in American comic books (and later in Hollywood films , film serials, and television), as well as in Japanese media (including kamishibai , tokusatsu , manga , anime , and video games ).
Superheroes come from a wide array of different backgrounds and origins. Some superheroes (for example, Batman and Iron Man ) derive their status from advanced technology they create and use, while others (such as Superman and Spider-Man ) possess non-human or superhuman biology or study and practice magic to achieve their abilities (such as Zatanna and Doctor Strange ). [2] [3] [4] While the Dictionary.com definition of "superhero" is "a figure, especially in a comic strip or cartoon, endowed with superhuman powers and usually portrayed as fighting evil or crime", [5] the longstanding Merriam-Webster dictionary gives the definition as "a fictional hero having extraordinary or superhuman powers; also: an exceptionally skillful or successful person." [6] Terms such as masked crime fighters, costumed adventurers or masked vigilantes are sometimes used to refer to characters such as the Spirit , who may not be explicitly referred to as superheroes but nevertheless share similar traits.
Some superheroes use their powers to help fight daily crime while also combating threats against humanity from supervillains , who are their criminal counterparts. Often at least one of these supervillains will be the superhero's archenemy or nemesis . Some popular supervillains become recurring characters in their own right; and long-running superheroes and superheroines such as Batman , Superman , Wonder Woman , Spider-Man , Captain America , and Iron Man have a rogues gallery of many such villains.
The word superhero dates back to 1917. [7] Antecedents of the archetype include such mythologic characters like Gilgamesh , Hanuman , Perseus , Odysseus , David , and demigods like Heracles , [8] [9] as well as folkloric heroes as Robin Hood , who adventured in distinctive clothing. [10] Real life inspirations behind costumed superheroes can be traced back to the " masked vigilantes " of the American Old West such as the San Diego Vigilantes [11] and the Bald Knobbers [12] who fought and killed outlaws while wearing masks. [13]
The 1903 British play The Scarlet Pimpernel and its spinoffs popularized the idea of a mask
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