Super Spreading
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Super Spreading
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Super-spreaders: what are they and how are they transmitting coronavirus?
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About one in five people transmit infections to far more people than the majority do - why?
Tue 3 Mar 2020 09.41 GMT
First published on Thu 27 Feb 2020 17.56 GMT
Not everybody is equal when it comes to the transmission of infectious diseases. In fact, it has been established for at least two decades that there is something called the 20/80 rule – that a small core group of about one in five people transmit infections to far more people than the majority do.
There are a number of theories, but no definite answer. Some speculate that it is to do with the immune system of the super-spreader, which may not be good at suppressing the virus or alternatively may be so good that they do not feel symptoms themselves so carry on transmitting it to others. But it is likely to be caused by multiple factors, possibly including getting a higher dose of the virus in the first place or being infected with more than one pathogen. One thing seems certain – it is impossible to know who will be a super-spreader and who will not.
It seems so. The third British case was a man in his 50s who contracted the coronavirus infection at a conference in Singapore. He then travelled to France where he stayed with his family in a ski chalet in the Alpine resort of Les Contamines-Montjoie. Five people who were in the chalet, including a boy of nine, have tested positive for coronavirus since the man came back to the UK on an easyJet flight and was diagnosed in Brighton. Another Briton who was on holiday in the chalet flew back to his home in Mallorca and was admitted to hospital in Palma. The chief medical officer said four more people had tested positive in England – all of whom were also on the skiing holiday in France.
Among delegates to the Singapore conference was a man who flew in from Wuhan, China, who may himself have been a super-spreader. A number of others who were there and returned to other countries, in addition to the British man at the centre of the ski chalet cluster, are said to have fallen ill.
Yes. Super-spreaders have been documented as far back as the early 1900s, when one woman infected 51 people with typhoid, even though she had no symptoms herself. More recently, one student at a high school in Finland infected 22 others with measles in 1998, even though eight of them had been vaccinated. Two people are thought to have infected 50 others with Ebola in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1995. In the 2002-03 Sars epidemic, most people were not very infectious, but a few super-spreaders in Singapore appear to have transmitted the virus to as many as 10 people each.
Coronavirus super - spreaders : Why are they important? - BBC News
Super - spreaders : what are they and how are they transmitting coronavirus?
What is a coronavirus " super - spreading " event? - CBS News
' Super spreader ': Is there really such a thing as a Covid-19 ' super ...
What is a super spreader ? An infectious disease expert explains
May 15, 2020 / 3:05 PM
/ CBS News
A recent investigation showed that dozens of people were infected with the coronavirus during what is known as a "super-spreading" event. After a choir practice in Washington state in March, 52 out of 61 attendees became ill, 32 of whom were confirmed to have COVID-19 and 20 had symptoms consistent with the virus, according to Skagit County Public Health .
The investigation determined that only one person at the practice had "cold-like symptoms" beginning a few days prior to the practice. That individual was later confirmed to have COVID-19, Skagit County Public Health said.
The choir practice is not the only super-spreading event that has happened during the coronavirus pandemic, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said the potential for these events "underscores the importance" of social distancing and avoiding large gatherings.
Here's a breakdown of what these events are and how they happen.
Super-spreading events "occur when a single person infects a large number of other people — sometimes 10, 20, sometimes even more in one setting," said Dr. Justin Lessler, an associate professor at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Other examples of super-spreading events during the coronavirus pandemic include 15 cases stemming from one person at multiple family gatherings in Chicago and more than 100 cases tracing back to multiple South Korean nightclubs that were visited by a man who later tested positive for the virus. The term "super-spreader" refers to a person who spreads a disease to a large number of people.
"It's kind of different for different diseases whether it's a person or an event, but for COVID, it would be more like an event," said Dr. Jaline Gerardin, an assistant professor of preventive medicine at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. The "world's most famous super-spreader" was Mary Mallon, known as "Typhoid Mary," Lessler said. She infected many people with typhoid fever over several years in the early 1900s.
These events happen because of "a combination of biology and setting," Lessler said.
An infected person has to be at a point in their illness when they are very transmissible and they have to be in a place where they can infect a lot of other people.
Places where people are densely packed and engaging in something that involves a lot of breathing, like singing or talking, are particularly risky for super spreading , Gerardin said.
Yes, the person could be asymptomatic or presymptomatic, the doctors said.
"They may not feel sick, but the infection has spread enough in their body that they're shedding virus and they're putting enough virus out there to infect other people," Lessler said.
Doctors have said they believe the number of people that one person with coronavirus typically infects is two to three. That number, however, is considered "over-dispersed," Lessler said.
"When we say over-dispersed, what we mean is there are super-spreading events, so the average might be two, let's say, but most people are infecting one or no people and then a very few people are infecting 8 to 10 or even more people," he said.
The number of typical infections also varies by the density of an area and whether or not people are staying home.
The social distancing guidelines many places have adopted help reduce super-spreading events, the doctors said.
"We can either prevent them entirely by limiting the size of gatherings or we can mitigate a lot of the risk through good prevention," such as having everyone wear masks and being somewhere that's well ventilated, Gerardin said.
First published on May 15, 2020 / 3:05 PM
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