Stylistic Peculiarities in a Newspaper Discourse. Курсовая работа (т). Английский.

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Stylistic Peculiarities in a Newspaper Discourse


1. The main features of the modern English newspaper discourse


.1 Characteristics of the newspaper discourse as the expressive means of influence to mass reader


According to I.R. Galperin [3], the English newspaper writing dates from the 17-th century. It was the last of all the styles of written literary English to be recognized as a specific form of writing standing apart from other forms. But it happened only by the 19-th century that newspaper English developed into a system of media discourse, forming a separate function style.is the term that describes written and spoken communications. As to newspaper discourse this term means the whole written communication of English press.modern newspaper discourse carries material of an extremely diverse character. On the pages of a newspaper one finds not only news and comments on it, press reports and articles, advertisements and announcements, but also stories and poems, crossword puzzles, chess problems and the like. It is newspaper printed matter that perform the function of informing the reader and providing him with evaluation of the information published. In fact, all kinds of newspaper writing are to a greater or lesser degree both informative and evaluative.

The general aim of the texts of modern newspaper discourse is to exert influence on public opinion, to convince the reader that the interpretation given by the writer is the only correct one and to cause him to accept the point of view expressed in the article not merely by logical argumentation, but by emotional appeal as well.brainwashing function is most effective in press. Due to its characteristic combination of logical argumentation and emotional appeal, the publicistic style of the texts of modern newspaper discourse has features in common with the style of scientific prose or official documents, on the one hand, and that of emotive prose, on the other. Its coherent and logical syntactic structure, with an expanded system of connectives and its careful paragraphing, makes it similar to scientific prose. Its emotional appeal is generally achieved by the use of words with emotive meaning, the use of imagery and other stylistic devices as in emotive prose. The newspaper discourse also has some elements of emotionally coloured colloquial style as the author has no need to make their speech impersonal (as in scientific or official style), but, on the contrary, he or she tries to approximate the text to lively communication, as though they were talking to people in direct contact.


1.2 Evaluation as the main characteristic of the newspaper discourse

is the broad covered term for the expression of a speaker s / writers attitudes, fillings and values.is a pervasive part of language, functioning at different levels and being expressed in a variety of ways. It plays a major part in every day communication, expressing one s self, action and environment.

The concept of evaluation is an interesting phenomenon, covering the expression of emotion and feeling, the evaluation of human character and behaviour, and the evaluation of things and states of affairs. However, the function of evaluation is not only to determine whether each of these aspects is good or bad, positive or negative, approved or disapproved, etc. but also to construe the overall value of a given message which eventually leads to the construction of the perspective of the agent behind the message.. Thetela argues that «although evaluation has been shown to play a central role in text and discourse, its identification in text is not always straightforward» [31, p. 102]. One of the problems raises in the study of evaluation is that there is ambiguity in what might stand for evaluation. In fact, there are several factors that decide whether a bit of language is evaluative or not, including social, cultural and contextual factors.make evaluation a more workable phenomenon, Thompson and Hunston suggest two criteria for recognizing evaluation, namely; «conceptual» and «lexical». From their viewpoint, «conceptually, evaluation has been noted to be comparative, subjective and value laden» [32, p. 13], whereas lexically «some lexical items are very clearly evaluative, in the sense that evaluation is their chief function and meaning» [32, p. 14], these items are: adjectives, adverbs, nouns and verbs, e.g.

Lexical categoriespositivenegativeAdjectivessuccessfuldisappointedAdverbssuccessfullydisappointedlyNounssuccessdisappointmentVerbssucceeddisappoint explore evaluation in texts of newspaper discourse is of great interest in various ways. Firstly, texts of newspaper discourse are one of the genres that we interact with most frequently.an evaluative item basically consists of one word, it may well happen that it is a unit or a phrase rather than a single word.journalists position is indicated by their choice of words, namely nouns, adjectives and adverbials, as well as the register to which they belong (formal, informal, literary). At verb level, the choice of transitive or intransitive verbs as well as the use of active or passive constructions indicates whether the people described in the article are presented as initiating or merely witnessing events and actions [28], while nominalizations can strengthen or reduce the effects of the actions themselves. The use of modal verbs points to the way in which the actions are presented - desirable, possible, probable, etc.way in which people presented in the article are called as well as the way in which they are quoted also indicates the journalist s position. J. Richardson and N. Fairclough state that quotations and the way in which they are given are important, as they provide the perspective from which the readers will understand the story. According to N. Fairclough [16, p. 17] both the reporting verbs are important (e.g. declared, acknowledged, admitted, etc.) and the way in which people s words are rendered: direct quotation, summaries of the quotation (presenting the gist of the speaker s words) and formulations of it (which actually interpret what the speaker said).sentence level the way in which the information is structured indicates once more the journalist s position: the use of topicalization, which moves to front position the element to be emphasised, (e.g. Music, he loved), or various mitigation devices (such as adverbials for instance), which soften the propositional content (e.g. He merely wanted to help).sentences (clause complexes), main clauses generally foreground information, whereas subordinate clauses generally background it. This is especially so when the main clause precedes a subordinate clause [16, p. 119], which indicated that foregrounding and backgrounding are strategies to which journalists resort in order to emphasise or de-emphasise information.text level the images used to describe the situation also have an evaluative value. The overall text organization is also linked to evaluation - for example repetitions, parallel structures, paragraph sequence. In newspapers articles the lead, which is the summary of the article which answers the questions who, what, where, when, how, is defined by Bell as fulfilling a double function - it summarizes the events and focuses them in a particular direction; it is a focus of evaluation as it indicates the author s position., evaluation is one of the peculiarities of the newspaper discourse that is needed to be studied and analyzed on the text level.


1.3 The nature and the main features of repetitions in the newspaper discourse

is the simple repeating of a word, within a sentence or a poetical line, with no particular placement of the words, in order to emphasize. This is such a common literary device that it is almost never even noted as a figure of speech. It Leech and Short describe formal repetition as «repeated use of an expression (morpheme, lexical item, proper name, phrase, etc.), which has already occurred in the context» [21, p. 244].is a stylistic device, the essence of which is to repeat one and the same word or phrase, aiming to add more expressiveness to the utterance.of the same content word across a text or paragraph is the simplest, most basic meaning link between vocabularies. The easiest way to connect information or an idea across a text through lexical cohesion is to repeat the same word. Repetition is also defines as the basic variety of stylistic figures of addition. So we can define repetition as the use of the same words, synonyms, morphemes, sounds or syntactical constructions a few times and within noticeable distance.such disciplines as linguistics and literary stylistics have appeared, the investigators have been searching for the answers on the problems of repetition and its classification. The interest to this phenomenon is constantly growing, as more and more works are dedicated to the topic of repetition. Repetition can be lexical and syntactical (including anaphora, epiphora, anadiplosis, framing constructions, syntactical tautology, etc.).repetition, I.R. Galperin writes, is defined as the repetition of a word or a phrase in the structure of one utterance (it can be a sentence, complicated syntactical structure, a paragraph) and within the bigger units of communication, including a number of utterances (for example, a text). The distance between the repeated units and the quantity of repetitions can be different, but it is obligatory that the repetition could be noticeable by the reader. If the repetition doesnt go with the use of polysemantic function, then its function may be intensifying, or emotional, or intensifying-emotional [3, p. 258].as a stylistic device is the typical generalization of linguistic means of expressing excited condition, which could be expressed by different means, depending on the degree and the character of the excitement. The speech can be sublime, passionate, nervous, touched, etc. The excited speech is notable for fragmentariness, sometimes for illogicality, for repetition of separate parts of the utterance. Moreover, the repetitions of the words and phrases (such as fragmentariness and illogicality of the structure) are appropriate in the emotional excited speech. They dont have any stylistic function.includes all words with the same content meaning even if their forms are different, like those indicating different word classes, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs.example, psychology, psychology, psychology is the repetition of the same word of the same meaning in the same form; psychology psychological psychologically is the repetition of the same word of the same meaning in the different forms.can be used not only in stylistic aims; it can serve as the means of clarifying the utterance and helps to avoid the obscurity of the narration.as a stylistic device have different functions within the texts or utterance. The most common function of the repetition is the intensifying function. Repetition in this function as a stylistic device stands near the repetitions as the norm of colloquial excited speech. Repetitions with the intensifying function are usually simple in their composition: the repeated words are situated near each other. Other functions of repetition are not connected with the emotional meaning as in colloquial speech. Other functions of repetition are usually revealed in the context of the utterance.function of repetition, which is often used, is the function of increasing. Words repetition promotes the greater power of the utterance, the greater intensity of the narration. This function is similar to the intensifying function, but the difference is that increasing expresses the gradation of increasing of the emotional power. In some cases repetition can fulfil the function which contradicts the purpose of repetition as the means of distinguishing separate parts of the utterance. The repeated units, words and phrases, serve as a background to distinguish the other, unrepeated units of the utterance.should also mention the function of repetition, which is secondary, but it usually accompanies the abovementioned functions of repetition. This is the rhythmical function. Repetition of one and the same units (words, phrases or sentences) is conductive to the clearer rhythmical organization of the sentence, getting the text closer to poetry., repetition is one of the most important and more intensively used stylistic devices, which accomplishes different functions in speech, most common of which is the function of adding expressiveness to the utterance.oral narratives repetition is used as a very effective evaluation strategy to create emotional involvement because repetition is evaluative according to W. Labob [20]. By making use of repetition, speakers contribute to their point, writers contribute to the deep meaning of the story. In other words, speakers/writers put emphasis through repetition, which contributes to involvement.to D. Tannen, involvement is a very important function of repetition: By facilitating production, comprehension, connection, and interaction, repetition serves an over-arching purpose of creating interpersonal involvement. Repeating the words, phrases or sentences of other speakers) accomplishes a conversation;) shows one's response to another's utterance;) shows acceptance of others' utterances, their participation, and them;) gives evidence of one's own participation. It provides a resource to keep talk going, where talk itself is a show of involvement, of willingness to interact, to serve positive face. All of this sends a metamessage of involvement [30, p. 52].may show up as self-repetition or repetition of others, exact repetition or paraphrase, and as «repetition with variation» which is defined by D. Tannen as «questions transformed into statements, statements changed into questions, repetition with a single word or phrase changed, and repetition with change of person or tense» [30, p. 54]., repetition is one of the most important and more intensively used stylistic devices, which accomplishes different functions in speech, most common of which is the function of adding expressiveness and involvement to the utterance.are different types and functions of repetition. According to Gunnar Persson there is lexical repetition that is used for intensifying, emphatic, imitation and purposive reasons. The author identifies several types of syntactic repetition, such as the exact repetition of a syntactic unit in the form of a substitute and syntactically parallel constructions. Another type of repetition is thematic (discoursal) repetition, which is composed of paraphrase, repetition with variation, reverse paraphrase and rewording [27].to Barbara J. Koch, thematic repetition occurs on all levels of discourse and in different forms [19, p. 542]. These different forms of repetition have a variety of functions. For example, repetition is «an essentially poetic aspect of language» [30, p. 46]. It is, furthermore, a cohesive device, which links new utterances to previous ones [18] in oral discourse and in literature. In other words, repetition ties ideas in a discourse together.Barbara J. Koch has observed, repetition is a device of persuasion [19]. In modern discourse lexical, syntactic morphological, and thematic repetitions are used to create linguistic cohesion of the texts to increase the rhetorical effect. Writers use synonymous words and phrases; syntactically parallel structures, paraphrase, reverse paraphrase and repetition of morphological roots for persuasive and artistic purposes., repetition serves intensification, humour, control in conversation, expression of anger/pleasure/displeasure, cohesion/coherence, emphatic, evaluative and thematic functions.the types of repetitions there are thematic repetition, cohesive repetition, artistic repetition, persuasive repetition.Repetition. Different forms of repetition contribute to the theme of the story. In other words, repetitious words, word combinations and syntactic structures cohere into a total meaningful and significant pattern and thus produce the overall meaning in the story.are two types of thematic repetition. Repetition is a device to suspend action. Narrators use repetition to suspend action, to delay resolution so that the climax of the story could come in full power. Various forms of repetition are used to create tension in the narratives. To achieve this effect they repeat details that do not contribute to the overall meaning of the story. In addition, narrators create suspense through putting emphasis on the tension in the atmosphere. To achieve this, they use words and phrases that are directly or indirectly related to tension or that denote the psychological moods of the people in the stories. Repetition of very specific details or use of immediacy contributes to tension and therefore suspension. Suspension comes to an end when the climactic moment is reached. Some narrators use two types of suspense in their stories: initial suspension and immediate suspension. Initial suspension comes into existence when they start building suspense from the first moment on until the climax is reached. Some narrators provide too much, unnecessary background information to achieve this effect. Immediate suspension comes into operation just before the narrator reaches the climax. Repetition of specific details that are related to the climax adds to immediate suspension. Example (initial suspension): then we started running haphazardly, without knowing where to run, there was construction near the place during that period, I saw my father running toward the construction but in the construction a construction pit had been dug you know my father will fall…repetition. Cohesive repetition in the text links referents together through repetition of words that mean nearly the same or exactly the same and thus builds the previously mentioned referents around a major theme. M.A.K. Halliday and R. Hasan define «cohesion» as «relations of meaning that exist within the text, and that define it as a text» [18, p. 4]. According to scientists, «the potential for cohesion lies in the systematic resources of reference, ellipsis and so on that are built into the language itself» [18, p. 5]. They state that structure in a stretch of discourse coheres parts of a sentence together to display the texture of the organic unity. In other words, relations that are cohesive in a sentence refer to the same entity in a sentence by means of pronominalisation rules: the second mention of an entity should be in the pronoun form.that are cohesive in a text display a semantic relation that helps interpret the existence of repetitive linguistic entities. Example: people leaning from the windows are looking down, they dont know where to look.Repetition . Syntactic repetition, lexical repetition or paraphrase can be used to create a poetic effect. Language can be used for poetic purposes in everyday conversations «when speakers respond to hearers' requests for clarification by citing another member of the same paradigm, couched in the same grammatical form. Moreover, syntactic parallelism provides the flow of the story, creating a poetic effect. According to D. Tannen the rhythm that is created through syntactic parallelism «is basic to conversational involvement in the most mechanical sense. It contributes in conversation, as it does in music, poetry, and oratory, to the impact of the discourse on the audience» [30, p. 139]. In other words, rhythm moves the listener emotionally and at the same time «convinces» them. Therefore, syntactic parallelism serves artistic and persuasive purposes. In this study the use of syntactic parallelism and exact repetition of words, which were used in close juxtaposition, are taken as the artistic use of the unit.repetition of words of emotions and perceptions that denote anger, fear, sarcasm, happiness, pleasure, and displeasure create cohesion. Cohesion is poetic for D. Tannen: «…all discourse is poetic, operating on systems of coherence in which form and meaning intertwine. Repetition is one of an array of dynamics by which conversation, like literary discourse, achieves this aesthetic effect» [30, p. 30]. In this study, the function of exact repetition of words of emotions and perceptions is taken as persuasive. Example: I remember grabbing my father and hurling him with a childs strength, I remember running together holding each others hands…Repetition. According to Barbara J. Koch, reverse paraphrase is used to provide different perspectives [19]. Thus, the speaker shows different aspects of an emotion or an action/event to persuade the listener that what s/he is narrating is the point of the story and is worth narrating. Syntactic parallelism serves this purpose, too. And repetition of descriptive details tends to be persuasive. Repetitive use of words of emotions and perceptions, employment of repetitive contrasts, words that denote tension directly or indirectly, and repetition of words or phrases that underline the repeated nature of actions/events are taken as persuasive. And finally, the use of subordinate clauses, comparative clauses, unreal conditional clauses and, clauses of reason and cause and past conditional clauses contribute to the persuasive effect. Example: …and behind me you know some people were screaming, cries, screams, very very bad…are several categories and subcategories of repetitions, lexical repetition, syntactic repetition and dicoursal repetition are among them.Repetition. This type of repetition covers repetition of one word only and can be classified under four subcategories: lexical repetition of addition where the same lexical item is repeated by adding an intensifier or a modifier; lexical repetition of substitution which falls into two subdivisions: word substitute and lexical repetition of a syntactic unit. In some cases speakers use a pronoun which is in anaphoric relationship with a lexical item previously used in the sentence context (word-substitute); in others, they use a lexical item which refers back to a syntactic unit (lexical repetition of a syntactic unit). Speakers furthermore use reduplication and exact (1exical) repetition.Repetition . This type of repetition covers repetition of two or more words or word combinations. Prepositional phrases fall into this category. The first subcategory is exact repetition of a syntactic unit. When a lexical item is replaced by a syntactic structure, speakers use syntactic repetition of substitution. The next subcategory is syntactic repetition of addition. Speakers repeat the same syntactic structures by adding a modifier or an intensifier. When they repeat the same syntactic structures by leaving out a modifier or an intensifier, they use syntactic repetition of units with missing lexical items. And finally, syntactic parallelism is used when speakers prefer syntactically parallel structures.Repetition. This type of repetition covers examples of paraphrase and use of different structures through which speakers prefer to convey the same meaning. The first subcategory is single word paraphrase, which includes synonymy (synonymous or partially synonymous words) and metonymy. The next subcategory is paraphrase. This category is composed of two subdivisions, namely, rewording and reverse paraphrase. When speakers use different syntactic structures to convey their meaning, their repetition is called rewording; when they provide opposing perspectives while repeating the content of their utterances, this is termed as reverse paraphrase. The third one is syntactic repetition with expansion where speakers provide additional information while repeating their utterances by adding «like/I mean…,» or by using various syntactic structures that provide additional information or by presenting immediate explanation. The next one is expansion with different structures. They expand their utterances by using different structures. And the final one is explanation with different structures where narrators provide explanations to their utterances by using different syntactic structures., we can make a conclusion that repetition is a complete stylistic device. The main functions of repetitions in texts may be intensifying, increasing, expressive or persuasion. For these aim words, word combinations or even sentences may be repeated within the text.as stylistic device play great role in the texts of media as means of persuasion. In the next chapter of this paper we try to analyse the role of repetitions in the texts of English newspaper discourse.


2. The role of stylistic means in the newspaper discourse


2.1 Analysis of the Means of Expressing Evaluation in the Texts of Modern English Press

article entitled «Rebels in Libya Gain Power and Defectors» was written by David D. Kirkpatrick and Kareem Fahim and appeared in the on-line edition of New York Time, the 28th of February 2011 issue. It reports on the situation in Libya at the beginning of the revolt against the countrys current leader, Colonel Muammar el-Qaddafi, namely the victories obtained by the rebels and the support they have from the population, army, government officials and foreign countries. The article is a feature as it brings additional information about the situation in Libya in order to present to the readers a more detailed image. We took this article for analysis with the aim of identifying ways in which the authors express evaluation at lexical, syntactic and discourse levels.the very beginning the headline catches the readers attention because of the unexpected coordination between the two nouns - power and defectors: rebels gain power and defectors.emphasis in the lead is on the rebels, presented as highly successful in their fight - they have increasing military coordination and firepower, better leadership and more guns to fight with. The defectors who joined the rebels are presented in a positive light - they support the rebels and try to improve the rebels military strategy (defecting officers in the east took steps to establish a unified command).enumeration of weapons held by rebels indicate their strength - their followers in this rebel-held city, just outside the leaders stronghold in the capital, displayed tanks, Kalashnikovs and antiaircraft guns [38]. The use of the emphasiser just indicates the rebels close victory (just outside the leaders stronghold in the capital): Zawiyah, Libya - The Libyan rebels challenging Col. Muammar-el-Qaddafi demonstrated their increasing military coordination and firepower on Sunday, as defecting officers in the east took steps to establish a unified command while their followers in this rebel-held city, just outside the leaders stronghold in the capital, displayed tanks, Kalashnikovs and antiaircraft guns.adjectives and adverbials chosen by the reporters indicate that their approve of the rebels actions: the rebels military coordination is increasing, the command is unified, they give further sign of their strength, they have growing power, they make a global effort to bring down Colonel Qaddafi, they hold the town firmly, they become more confident in their power and provide the most striking display of strength. The state of mind is of confidence, based on the victories obtained so far and the residents of the city are gleeful: Gleeful residents invited newcomers to clamber aboard one of several army tanks now in rebel hands [38].rebel army, ready to support the revolt in other Libyan cities is called national army.adjectives used for Colonel Qaddafi's forces indicate oppression and violence: his forces mounted a deadly assault, he orders repeated attacks …to retake the city., while the adjectives used to describe the protesters carry positive connotations (good management and firm control, thoughtful support of population, strong hope in the result of the uprising), the ones used to describe the officials indicate negative connotation (violence and death).signs of the battle fought by these forces are holes in the city's building and ammunition that littered the central square, litter suggesting dirt. The violence of their attacks is also suggested by the verb blast:said that on Thursday the Qaddafi forces blasted peaceful protesters gathered in the square with machine guns and artillery, pointing to holes in the sides of pillars and even a mosque [38].far as nouns are concerned, there is an enumeration of professions used to describe the rebels - they are doctors, lawyers, judges, engineers and the like - therefore respectful and reliable professions, relating to the civil society. The enumeration describing the official forces relates to the military - Colonels Qaddafis militias, plainclothes police and other paramilitary forces, suggesting repression and violence [38]. Later in the article these forces and called gangsters (Qaddafi and his gangsters will not have a hand on them [revenues from the national oil company] and Colonel Qaddafi is called an autocrat, as illustrated by the following passage:

…he has shed far more of his citizens blood than any of the regions other autocrats [38].conclusion there is a powerful lexical contrast between the two parties, as indicated by the choice of nouns, adjectives and adverbs used to describe them.. Reah [28, p. 78] classifies verbs as actional (transactive and non-transactive), which are dynamic and indicate control of the subject and relational, which are the copulative ones that indicate qualities or states.majority of verbs used to describe the rebels are actional, a choice that reflects once more the journalists position - the rebels are in full control of their actions: they demonstrate their increasing military coordination, they have repulsed repeated attempts by Colonel Qaddafi's forces to retake the rebel-held cities, they are organizing public services and continued defence, they mock Colonel Qaddafis allegations.authors of the article use a different approach to describe Colonel Qaddafis actions: although no passive constructions appear, the journalists avoid describing Colonel Qaddafi as an agent: it is not him that orders the position of his troops, but they are presented as having a will of their own, as if having no ruler:

…his forces were massing again on its [Zawiyah's] outskirts [38].nominalization i
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