Studies on durability of sustainable biobased composites: a review RSC Advances RSC Publishing DOI:10 1039 C9RA09554C

Polished surfaces, while smoother, now incorporate subtle texture patterns that offer 30% more grip than older polished finishes without compromising their sleek appearance. Epoxy pool coatings outperform standard paint with 5-7 years of durability compared to paint’s 1-3 years. These two-part chemical formulations create a hard, chemical-resistant shell that withstands chlorine exposure, UV radiation, and temperature fluctuations with minimal fading or peeling.

This demonstrates that NSE is more effective in retarding the photo-oxidation degradation process in LLDPE as compared to PLA. This third topic includes environmental impacts from discarding and replacing products, the rapid resource depletion that drives the extraction of new raw materials, and how product durability is relevant to promoting more sustainable consumption (Mont, 2008). The concept of sustainable design, sustainability, design for sustainability, and eco-design started gaining relevance after 2005. Other works have provided eco-design recommendations for manufacturers and consumers related to extending the useful life of products by providing highly durable products or components (Casamayor et al., 2015).

For example, highly durable products enable the reuse (exchange among users in different useful cycles), repair, and replacement of spare parts to support refurbishment and remanufacture. After analyzing the selected works, we identified 97 articles related to CE strategies. The analysis of this aspect was limited to articles including or mentioning CE strategies related to product durability (reuse, repair, refurbish, or remanufacture). Of the 97 articles, 74% focused on repairing products, 72% on reusing, and 50% and 43% on remanufacturing and refurbishing, respectively. This topic will undoubtedly attract more attention during this decade to analyze, measure, and predict product durability, using digital technologies such as digital twins, additive manufacturing, data-driven design, simulation, and sensors for lifecycle measurement. In addition, personalization and reconfiguration are supported and boosted by Industry 4.0 applications that enable more robust user–product relationships and mitigate rapid product replacement.

Figure 5.

This objective included articles dedicated to measuring or quantifying parameters related to product durability. Within this objective, most research efforts were oriented toward analytical models (14 articles), followed by laboratory tests and CAE simulation (five and four articles, respectively), and design methods, frameworks, and surveys (three articles for each). Figure 6a illustrates the results for this dimension after analyzing the articles from selected works.

In this region, the deformation of the yarn occurs, resulting in plastic deformation. This deformation is permanent and the point P3 indicates the maximum breaking force, which leads to the complete breakage of the material. The location and climate where the prefab home is placed can also affect its longevity.

Fiberglass Pools: Low Maintenance & Quick Installation

Physical aging even at room temperature for a long duration could affect the glass transition temperature (Tg)86 and other thermal properties of a polymer.87 The change in Tg of an aged polymer can be detected by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The crystallinity of PLA could be increased when it is heated above 37 °C for a prolonged period. The Tg of the aged biocomposites could shift to a higher temperature due to the crosslinking process and chain mobility restriction in the early stage of aging. On the other hand, a decrease in Tg could be observed in the aged sample when chain scission was dominant.

With growing concern over environmental pollution and global sustainable development, biocomposites made from various renewable resources are the materials of the future. With improvements in durability studies on biocomposites, there is a huge potential for these materials to succeed in commercial markets in the future. With the societal shift into use of more sustainable plastics and composites, the desirability of biocomposites will exceed the current level of implementation, and further development and modification would be required to meet or exceed the expectations that traditional composites have. These areas could include advanced aerospace, automotive and engineering applications, where biocomposite development is not up to standard at this time. Different processing techniques (compression moulding, injection moulding, etc.) and biofillers use when producing biocomposites could yield significant differences in terms of durability and performance. The UV degradation of biofibre-based biocomposites can be reduced by hybridization with other synthetic fibres and with the addition of small amount of UV-stabilizers.

Thermal stability and thermo-oxidative aging

A positive correlation is observed between the exposure duration (as independent variable) and the breaking force (as dependent variable) for both aging in outdoor and indoor environments. The corresponding linear regression coefficients (R2) show a strong correlation between the observed variables for all materials aged outdoors (R2 ranges from 0.84–0.98). see ProGorki stainless pool projects is present for the polyamide materials (materials KF3 and KF4). The decrease in breaking force due to aging is up to 40% (for material KF4), which indicates that the durability of this material is significantly reduced and its further use for athletes cannot be recommended. The reason for such a result is the fact that the structure of the material, as well as the strength of polyamide and polyester yarns, is strongly negatively affected by immersion in swimming pool water and exposure to sunlight. Compared to the results of aging under indoor conditions, the trend previously observed is the same, but the decrease in breaking force is less pronounced.

These possible economic gains are even more relevant in emerging economies, which are more likely to use materials intensively (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2015). In this context, the design of more durable products can extend product lifetimes, decreasing resource consumption, saving materials, and reducing waste production (Stamminger et al., 2020). Governments have started to adopt regulations and laws regarding the design and manufacturing of durable goods, attempting to reduce waste and promote products' extended life (Gümüş et al., 2013; W. Zhou et al., 2017). Hence, considering product durability will become essential for governments, companies, and individuals striving for sustainable development. Studies on different aging mechanisms when subjected to different service environments on biocomposite behaviour are needed for continuous improvement of these materials. Researchers have revealed that computational modelling of aging outcomes is a promising solution to predict the behaviour of biocomposites.

Maintenance Requirements and Long-Term Appearance

• Similarly, carbon fiber, renowned for its exceptional strength-to-weight ratio and resistance to corrosion, has revolutionized the construction of lightweight and high-performance pool components, contributing to enhanced structural efficiency.
• Consider how frequently you’ll use your pool and your tolerance for maintenance tasks when making your selection.
• Innovative materials play a pivotal role in pool construction, offering enhanced durability, sustainability, and design versatility.
• Articles on the conceptual design phase were oriented toward repair, reuse and remanufacture of components (61, 58, and 42, respectively), followed by the upgrade (34 articles), and refurbish (32 articles).
• For the determination of the surface of voids, 10 microscopic images were taken of each sample.
• This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

The integration of smart features in pools promotes sustainability by minimizing water and energy consumption. For instance, automated pool covers and energy-efficient pumps reduce heat loss and power usage, leading to substantial energy savings and decreasing the pool’s environmental footprint. Every Hardbox modular pool includes durable materials and essential technology for a reliable, cost-effective swimming experience. This comprehensive comparison of the seven most popular pool surface materials will help you make an informed decision for your new installation or upcoming renovation project. We’ll analyze everything from classic plaster to modern pebble finishes, examining how each stands up to chemicals, weather conditions, and daily use.

Recent studies have also promoted the analysis of multiple lifecycle scenarios, comparing sustainability impacts and the greenness of product lifetime extension (Evrard et al., 2021; Kwak, 2016). It has been noted by many researchers that the water absorption of biofibre-reinforced polymer biocomposites can be reduced by chemical modification and treatment of the biofibre surface. The water absorption behaviour of biocomposites were greatly dependent on the chemical treatment. This is because chemical pre-treatment on the biofibre surface can effectively change its hydrophilic behaviour to a hydrophobic behaviour and lead to a better interfacial adhesion between phases. 25 shows the schematic representation of the jute biofibre/PLA biocomposites before and after surface treatment with alkali (NaOH) and a combination of NaOH and silane. As a result, the mechanical properties and other performance attributes were enhanced.

High-quality materials are designed to withstand these conditions, ensuring that your pool remains in excellent condition over time. Both traditional and modular pools demand different maintenance needs; we will take a closer look at these requirements, from regular clean-up to system check-ups. Further, the discussion would also shed light on pool durability factors such as construction material resistance against weather elements and general wear-and-tear over time, thus providing insights into their long-term performance.

Similarly, carbon fiber, renowned for its exceptional strength-to-weight ratio and resistance to corrosion, has revolutionized the construction of lightweight and high-performance pool components, contributing to enhanced structural efficiency. Pebble Tec and aggregate finishes demonstrate superior chemical resistance, with aggregate surfaces showing only 5% erosion after 10 years compared to plaster’s 30%. Quartz surfaces also perform well, exhibiting only 2% deterioration compared to plaster’s 15% under similar chemical exposure. Traditional white plaster lasts 7-10 years, quartz surfaces years, and aggregate finishes years. PVC vinyl liners need replacement every 5-9 years, while Pebble Tec surfaces last years. Gunite pools can last over 50 years with proper maintenance, though they require refinishing every years.

Additionally, Zallio and Berry (2017) (Zallio and Berry, 2017)reviewed design theories and practices regarding how to face the issue of built-in obsolescence. This study underlined design as a critical stage to promote the extended life of products. Rivera and Lallmahomed (2016) (Rivera and Lallmahomed, 2016) reviewed premature obsolescence and its implications on the environmental impact of products, calling for attention to the broader impacts of product lifetime throughout the product lifecycle and their incorporation into business models.