Storms Scale Test
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The Storms Sexuality Axis is a sexuality scale developed by Michael Storms , a psychologist at the University of Kansas . Storms had been studying sexuality and erotic fantasies and he felt as if there were conceptual problems with the Kinsey Scale . He found that bisexuals engaged in as much heterosexual fantasizing as heterosexuals and as much homosexual fantasizing as their lesbian and gay counterparts. He ascertained from this that bisexuality seemed to somehow incorporate total heterosexuality and total homosexuality in a way not indicated by the Kinsey Scale. Storms also wanted to distinguish between bisexuality and asexuality. In 1980, he proposed a new sexuality scale using an x-y axis. The Sexuality Axis has been criticised for implying that asexuality is a 'negative' option, and completely separate from other sexualities.
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Storms’ model is a two-dimensional map of erotic orientation showing four sexual orientation categories: homosexual , bisexual , asexual , and heterosexual . This model was proposed in 1979 by Michael Storms to address several inadequacies with the one-dimensional Kinsey scale . First, the Kinsey scale had no way to distinguish between strong attraction to males and females and little to no attraction to either. Associated with this, Kinsey had no way of dealing with asexuals and simply labeled them X, a point completely off of the scale. By placing hetero- and homo-eroticism on two perpendicular axes, Storms' model can both account for asexuality, which fits poorly into the bipolar Kinsey scale, and more accurately describe bisexuality. [1]
In addition to this, the Storms model makes an interesting prediction regarding asexuals (that Storms did not mention): Asexuals should exist along a continuum with non-asexuals rather than being an inexplicable anomaly that must be placed off the scale.
By placing hetero- and homoeroticism on the axes, Storms' model is essentially limited to discussing the attraction of binary gender people to other binary gender people; the model does not account for the existence of non-binary people effectively, and is difficult for many non-binary people to use.
Also, The two-dimensional model only measures for the binary concepts: "asexuality/no romance" -vs- "sexuality/romance". I.e., Storms' model does not account for hetero/bi/homo-romantic asexuals. The addition of a third-dimensional 'z' axis measuring a libido scale, independent of the orientation axis would take this factor into account.
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What Do Hurricane Categories Actually Mean?
Updated: August 28, 2019 11:25 AM ET | Originally published: September 19, 2017 5:26 PM EDT
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T ropical Storm Dorian is expected to bring heavy rains and damaging wind to Puerto Rico on Wednesday before moving back over open water, where it may strengthen into a major hurricane before making landfall along the Southeastern U.S. coastline by early Monday.
Officials and residents in Puerto Rico, which was devastated by Hurricane Maria in 2017, are already bracing for the worst. But the latest forecast indicates that residents in parts of Florida, Georgia, and even South Carolina should start preparing for a major hurricane, too.
Tropical Storm Dorian could become a major hurricane by the time it reaches the U.S., according to the latest forecast from the National Hurricane Center (NHC). That means it would be at least a category 3 hurricane, with wind speeds of over 110 miles per hour.
But what do meteorologists and news anchors mean when they talk about hurricane categories, like category 1, category 3 or category 5?
Most people simply want to know how much water and wind to expect, and what a hurricane will mean for their safety. Hurricane categories can’t predict everything about a storm, but categories do give an indication of how a hurricane will affect people and property in its path.
Here’s what you need to know about hurricane categories.
Hurricanes are measured on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale , which runs from Category 1 up to Category 5. According to The Weather Channel, the scale was developed in the 1970s by Miami engineer Herbert Saffir and Robert Simpson, a meteorologist who was director of the National Hurricane Center.
The hurricane category scale has evolved over time, but in its current version, it only measures the wind speeds produced by a hurricane. This means the different hurricane category designations won’t tell you about the flooding or tornadoes that might accompany hurricanes, but they can give you a sense of how strong a hurricane might be and what kind of threat they present.
In a Category 1 hurricane, winds range from 74 to 95 mph. Falling debris could strike people, livestock and pets, and older mobile homes could be destroyed. Protected glass windows will generally make it through the hurricane without major damage. Frame homes, apartments and shopping centers may experience some damage, and snapped power lines could result in short-term power outages.
Hurricane Dolly in 2008 was an example of a Category 1 hurricane that whipped through southern Texas. Hurricane Sandy was also a Category 1 hurricane when it hit Jamaica in 2012, but it weakened before reaching the east coast of the United States.
Winds range between 96 and 110 mph during a Category 2 hurricane. There is a bigger risk of injury or death to people, livestock and pets from flying debris. Older mobile homes will likely be destroyed, and debris can ruin newer mobile homes, too. Frame homes, apartment buildings and shopping centers may see major roof and siding damage, and many trees will be uprooted. Residents should expect near total power loss after a Category 2 hurricane, with outages lasting anywhere from a few days to a few weeks.
Hurricane Frances in 2004 was a Category 2 hurricane when it hit the west coast of Florida.
In a Category 3 hurricane, winds range from 111 to 129 mph. There is a high risk of injury or death to people, livestock and pets from flying and falling debris. Nearly all older mobile homes will be destroyed, and most new ones will experience significant damage. Even well-built frame homes, apartments and industrial buildings will likely experience major damage, and the storm will uproot many trees that may block roads. Electricity and water will likely be unavailable for several days to a few weeks after the storm.
Hurricane Wilma was a Category 3 hurricane when it reached Florida’s coast in 2005, bringing initial winds of close to 120 mph. Hurricane Katrina was also a Category 3 hurricane when it made landfall in Louisiana, but it also brought high levels of storm surge that levees in Louisiana and New Orleans couldn’t hold up against, which is part of what made it so destructive.
Prior to making landfall as a Category 3 hurricane, Hurricane Irma was a Category 5 hurricane— the second-strongest Atlantic hurricane on record .
During a Category 4 hurricane, winds range from 130 to 156 mph. At these speeds, falling and flying debris poses a very high risk of injury or death to people, pets and livestock. Again, most mobile homes will be destroyed, even newer ones. Some frame homes may totally collapse, while well-built homes will likely see severe damage to their roofs, and apartment buildings can experience damage to upper floors.
A Category 4 hurricane will blow out most windows on high-rise buildings, uproot most trees and will likely down many power lines. Power outages can last for weeks or even months after storms of this level. Water shortages are also common in the aftermath of Category 4 hurricanes, potentially making the affected area uninhabitable for weeks or months.
Hurricane Harvey made landfall as a Category 4 hurricane in Texas in August.
In a Category 5 hurricane, the highest category hurricane, winds are 157 mph or higher. People, livestock and pets can be in danger from flying debris, even indoors. Most mobile homes will be completely destroyed, and a high percentage of frame homes will be destroyed. Commercial buildings with wood roofs will experience severe damage, metal buildings may collapse and high-rise windows will nearly all be blown out.
A Category 5 hurricane is likely to uproot most trees and ruin most power poles. And like with Category 4 hurricanes, power outages will likely last for weeks to months. People should expect long-term water shortages.
Only three hurricanes have made landfall as a Category 5 hurricane since 1924. One of the most famous hurricanes in recent decades, Hurricane Andrew back in 1992 , was a Category 5 hurricane when it hit Florida. Hurricane Camille was a Category 5 when it hit in 1969, as was 1935’s “Labor Day” hurricane.
There is no such thing as a Category 6 hurricane. When Hurricane Irma was headed toward the coast of southern Florida in August, it had maximum wind speeds of 185 mph, according to the New York Times . But the Saffir-Simpson scale only goes up to 5.
Some people have been talking about creating a Category 6 hurricane designation , but a Category 5 already means near total destruction. So while there is a measurement difference between 157 mph winds and 200 mph winds, there may not be much practical difference in terms of destructive force between a Category 5 hurricane and what might be labeled as a Category 6 hurricane.
There is a key problem with how hurricane categories are measured : The Saffir-Simpson scale only takes into account a storm’s maximum sustained windspeed, and disregards other threats, like expected rainfall or storm surge. Even a category 1 hurricane or a tropical storm can bring serious damage and risk to life and limb, but people in their path may underestimate the danger they pose because of how they’re categorized. An alternative to the Saffir-Simpson Scale is AccuWeather’s “RealImpact Scale,” which takes other metrics besides wind speed into account.
Write to Abigail Abrams at abigail.abrams@time.com .
Multidimensional Scale of Sexuality test
ll scales there is a degree of error.
Understand that this quiz will ask very personal questions, I have edited some of them to seem less vulgar, but unfortunately some of these answers are about vulgar topics.
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