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Storlien buying weed
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Storlien buying weed
This research was designed to evaluate cover crop, soil amendment, and nitrogen rate on rice yield, milling quality, and disease severity in integrated studies conducted on organic land in Texas and South Carolina, USA. We have completed the field trials of this project to determine the impact of winter cover crops, soil amendments, and rice varieties on organic rice production at Beaumont, TX and Charleston, SC. In Texas, winter cover crops were established for each of the winters between and The cover crop aboveground yields were comparable for and but lower for Due to poor rice stands, replanting was made in but in a field without the effect of winter cover crops. Rice variety had a significant effect on all tested aspects of rice production. Tesanai had higher grain yield and 1, grain weight than Presidio and XL Compared to conventional cultivars, the hybrid XL had greater spikelets per panicle and filled grain per panicle than Tesanai and Presidio. Although there was a trend for increasing yield with nitrogen application, it was not statistically significant. However, application of soil amendments reduced the severities of narrow brown leaf spot and brown spot on the susceptible variety Presidio compared to the nonamended fertilizer control. Also, the severity of these diseases varied with rice cultivars with the hybrid having the lowest and Presidio having the highest in. No symptoms of straighthead were observed in plots with any treatments. Thus, as seen in previous years, although fertilizer amendments may have some positive impact on yield and disease control, these are not consistent nor likely economically cost effective. Choice of variety is much more important in optimizing yield and minimizing disease damage. Moreover, an economic analysis based on our field results and farmer-survey indicated that production costs are not as much an issue for organic rice as for conventional rice due to use of fewer costly inputs in organic production systems. Profitability does, however, hinge on obtaining a guaranteed monetary premium. In addition, having good control of irrigation resources for weed control is necessary for achieving profitability in organic rice production. In South Carolina, three-year field studies indicated that variety selection played important role in organic rice production. Winter cover crop selection was site specific. The results of this project have been delivered mainly through the field tours and workshops during the field days, through scientific meetings, on-farm demonstration, and published documents. The purpose of this project is to develop sustainable organic rice production practices in the Southern USA using cover crops, organic soil amendments and variety selection that will improve economic returns, reduce losses due to weeds and disease pressure, and will improve soil quality. Since organic rice acreage has increased almost 6 fold with over half of the 50, acres being grown in the southern US. The industry has expanded rapidly due to market demand. However, there has been little research conducted that is relevant to the unique flooded paddy system that is used to produce rice. Doguet, pers. However, complete losses have been observed with improper nutrient or pest management. We conducted an informal survey of organic industry representatives from California, Arkansas, South Carolina, Texas, and Louisiana to identify researchable issues affecting organic rice production. The critical issues were nutrient management, weed control, and rice cultivars with high economic returns. Since then we have organized or participated in 7 organic rice workshops and have developed good partnerships with farmers, millers, end-users, and extension agents that are committed to development of practices that will support long term growth of the US organic rice industry. Although we have made progress on specific issues facing organic rice production, we propose a systems approach that uses cover crops, organic amendments, and variety selection. Soil fertility is a key component to producing high yields that make organic farming systems economically viable. Essentially all rice in the USA is produced under flooded conditions as a means of controlling weeds and stabilizing yields. Nutrient availability is very different under anaerobic flooded conditions typical of rice production as compared to dryland or row cropping systems. In addition, rice is typically grown in heavy clay soils or those with a shallow hardpan in order to sustain field flooding. Thus, organic nutrient management methods that have been developed for other crops have limited use in rice and there have been few studies conducted in flooded-rice systems using organic based fertilizers. Golden et al. We have evaluated six organic fertilizer amendments using four rates in replicated yield trials conducted on organic land in Texas over two years data now shown. All organic amendments significantly increased organic rice yield over the non-treated control except Organic Compost with Organic Alive Biological Tea. Compared to other organic fertilizer amendments, rice yields of Nature Safe and Rhizogen treatments had the best yield response to fertilizer application in In follow-up studies conducted in , the highest yields were with kg N ha -1 and kg N ha -1 treatment for Nature Safe and Rhizogen, respectively. Cover crops have been shown to enhance soil fertility, soil organic matter, and soil structure. Wander et al. However, in anaerobic rice soils, where there is slow decomposition, the presence of phenolics in soil organic matter has been shown to reduce nutrient availability Schmidt-Rohr, et al. Identification of cover crops that can be successfully established and terminated in time for nutrients to be available at key time points of the rice growth cycle is critical for maximizing yields and reducing input costs for organic growers. Stand establishment is a key issue for cover crops planted in clay soil as indicated by our preliminary studies and others Lattimore et al. For the proposed project, we will limit our research to the winter cover crops, white clover also observed by Cho et al. Determining the economic value yield, input cost and environmental impact organic matter, water quality of these cover crops is critical for the long term sustainability of organic rice production. Growing rice cultivars that are N use efficient, disease resistant and can compete with weeds is important to organic rice production. Weisler et al. Gibson and Fisher found that seedling growth, leaf area, plant height, tillering, leaf angle, and root growth were factors that were beneficial for competing against weeds. Extended tillering, rapid canopy closure, and tall plant height are traits that would be beneficial under organic rice production but have been selected against in US commercial cultivars because of the negative impact of these respective traits on grain uniformity, disease susceptibility, and lodging susceptibility. Although most rice in the USA is produced for conventional long, medium, and short grain market classes, breeders have also developed cultivars having specific cooking quality properties for various high-value niche markets. These include varieties for use the in the flour or starch market, for parboiling, and those that have a popcorn-like aroma. Currently rice cultivars grown for the organic market include both conventional and specialty grain types. Thus, identifying rice cultivars that have high yield potential under organic systems and possess value-added grain properties will result in the greatest economic returns for farmers. In organic yield trials conducted in Texas in and , we observed significant difference in yield potential of specialty and conventional varieties data not shown. Management options that can effectively control rice diseases are critical for organic production profitability and sustainability but remain largely unknown. We have observed that the fungal diseases narrow brown leaf spot Cercospora janseana and brown spot Cochliobolus miyabeanus and the physiological disorder, straighthead are among the most serious constraints affecting organic rice production in the southern US Zhou and McClung, , and are not commonly found under conventional management. Other diseases common to southern rice production, including sheath blight and blast both fungal and bacterial panicle blight, are looming threats. Hollier showed that narrow brown leaf spot and brown spot are more severe on rice plants grown in N-deficient soil. Our research indicates that straighthead can be more severe in organic rice production, especially including no-till and cover crops, compared to conventional production systems Zhou and McClung, This demonstrates that systems which use organic fertilizers, no-till, and cover crops may increase susceptibility to diseases not common in conventional management making control of diseases a particular challenge in organic rice production. In addition, the timing of incorporation of the cover crop and planting the rice crop may be critical for controlling straighthead which causes complete sterility of the seedhead. Developing organic cropping systems which can effectively utilize cover crops and soil amendments to enhance soil nutrient quality but minimize disease losses is needed to maximize yield and economic returns. Recent studies have demonstrated success utilizing various cover crops, including the legumes, for reducing a wide range of foliar and soilborne diseases in vegetables Larkin and Honeycutt, ; Keinath et al. However, this new approach of using legume cover crops is underutilized in conventional and organic rice, where most rice is planted to fallow ground. This multidisciplinary project will take the lead to develop an effective cover crop-based disease management program in organic rice. We also propose to use genetic resistance as one of the effective components to manage diseases. The results of our research conducted in Texas showed significant resistance existing in rice varieties against various diseases Zhou et al. For example, Presidio, a leading organic variety, is susceptible to narrow brown leaf spot but is tolerant to straighthead. To further identify resistant varieties under different environments, we propose to establish a varietal trial in South Carolina that will evaluate both yield potential, economic value conventional and specialty cultivars , and disease resistance. This will help to strengthen the emerging organic rice market in South Carolina. Organic rice production may impact ecological services including C sequestration and water quality issues. Cover crops and soil amendments can influence soil carbon C sequestration and microbial biomass and activities by providing additional residue C to soil. Soils in the humid southeastern US have lower organic matter levels than in the temperate regions due to greater rates of mineralization and severe erosion as a result of a long history of intensive cultivation. In an extensive review of management practices effects in the southeastern US, Franzluebbers summarized that soil organic C sequestration with the application of poultry litter was 0. Application of soil amendments may cause water quality issues. The large accumulation of P in manure from animal feeding operations has increased the potential for P export following land application. Such high soluble inorganic P may cause undesirable water issues in organic rice production. In an effort to develop agricultural best management practices for phosphorus reduction in south Florida, Izona et al. However, information is lacking regarding the effects of soil amendment application on water quality in organically produced rice. Very little work has been done to evaluate the cost of organic rice management. Researchers in California have developed detailed production costs for water seeded and no-till organic rice in the Sacramento Valley Williams et al. However, no recent costs have been documented for organic rice in the southern US. Organic rice production offers many management challenges that greatly impact the overall profitability of the enterprise. The enterprise budget is set up to help estimate what is expected if particular production practices are used to produce a specified amount of product. Development of enterprise budgets for organic rice production methods using the specific economic and technological relationships between inputs and outputs used in this study will serve to address the question of economic viability of organic rice production. Organic cultural management practices have not been studied in detail in rice, thus this project aims to quantify the economic and ecological benefits of successful technologies and validate these in farmer fields. Consideration will not focus only on yield but also subsequent effects on grain quality, soil quality and soil health beneficial microbial communities , water quality, disease suppression, and the overall economics of the whole production system. This information will identify the best production practices that are not only economical but also enhance ecological balance. Throughout the implementation of this project, stakeholders have been, and will continue to be, involved as full collaborators and will participate in the design of experiments, treatments to be employed, data to be collected, interpretation of results, and ways to effectively transfer the technology to growers. The most successful combination of technologies will be validated in grower fields and will require their direct oversight and management. Such a collaborative arrangement will facilitate implementation and acceptance of research results by other growers. The soil was a loamy soil. Two selected winter cover crops, Durana white clover and ryegrass, were planted on well-prepared seedbeds using a rig on November 1, , October 12, , and November 6, The winter cover crops were plowed down on April 14, , March 7, , and March 14, , respectively. The dry fall in delayed the germination of both cover crops. Both cover crops were terminated on March 7, and the fallow field areas of indigenous weeds, ryegrass, and some clover were cultivated. After termination, the cover crops were left for two weeks to allow decomposing prior to incorporation. Our previous research has shown this is important to mitigate potential straighthead a physiological disease occurrence in the subsequent organic rice crop. Winter cover crop treatments served as main plots with rice varieties Tesanai — high yield, used for flour market, Presidio — superior long grain quality, and XL - high yield, new released hybrid that was suggested by the Organic Rice Production Advisory Board as subplots. Both Tesanai and Presidio were planted in , , and XL was included in the trial and XL in the trial. Soil amendment treatments were applied as sub-sub-plots. Each treatment had four replications. Cover crops were managed as in the previous section. Soil amendments Nature Safe vs. The planting dates were May 1, , April 22, , and April 21, Although both varieties emerged on the same date, compared to Presidio, Tesanai had longer growth duration and matured two or more weeks later. Plots were flush irrigated to encourage uniform germination and were maintained under a flood until harvest to help weed control. All plots were harvested by hand in as they came to maturity, in early August for Presidio and late August to early September for Tesanai. Plots planted in the fallow field had very poor stands due to severe weed pressure. Therefore, the only results of rice grain yields were from the clover and ryegrass treatments in In addition, we treated all the seed with OMRI certified gibberellic acid GA to promote seed germination in and Although the three varieties were successfully planted, the sudden drop in temperature severely impacted the emergence of rice seed which caused very poor stands; therefore, the trials were terminated. We replanted the organic rice trial at a different part of the organic field but which had not been planted with cover crops in the previous fall. Thus, in the new plots trials we only tested the effect of cultivar and nitrogen rate on organic rice production. The effects of rice cultivar, cover crop and soil amendment on severity of narrow brown leaf spot NBLS , brown spot, and straighthead were also investigated in the same field trials as for organic rice production at Beaumont during rice seasons. In addition, two greenhouse assays were conducted to evaluate if cover crop-amended soils can induce systemic resistance against NBLS and enhance the growth of rice plants. Effects of field plot soils incorporated with cover crops: Soil samples were randomly collected prior to planting of the rice crop and after the winter cover crops had been terminated in the fallow, clover, and ryegrass fields. Presidio was seeded into 5. At 4 weeks after seeding, rice seedlings were inoculated with the conidia of the NBLS fungus and disease severity was rated at 4 weeks after inoculation. Plant height and dry above ground biomass were measured 4 weeks after seeding and at maturity, respectively. Effects of cover crop amendment rate: Ground powder of clover and ryegrass was incorporated at 0, 0. Presidio was seeded into the treated soils and the NBLS pathogen was inoculated as described above. Disease severity and plant growth parameters plant height and dry above ground biomass were measured as described before. Over the last 20 years there has been increasing interest in re-establishing rice production in South Carolina for the primary purpose of supporting the local food market. However there is essentially no local research to support these operations, thus this research was undertaken to test findings from the Texas environment in South Carolina. In April the cover crops was terminated and disked three times prior to the levees being pulled in mid-April. Field plots for each of 6 varieties were laid out as unreplicated strips approximately 9. Each plot was encompassed by metal flashing and the field was flooded. Seed from each variety was presoaked and allowed to pip germinate prior to hand seeding into the flooded strip plot on May 7. The field was drained and the pre-germinated seed was allowed to peg into the wet soil prior to re-flooding. During the season days to heading, plant height, and days to harvest were recorded. At harvest a 0. Samples were air dried in a greenhouse then grain moisture and grain yield were determined. Rough rice samples were sent to Arkansas where g samples from each replicate were used for milling determination using a McGill No. One month before rice seeding on April 1 st , , the annual rye grass was mowed and tilled into the soil to prevent allelopathic effects on the rice germination. Soil samples were taken on April 14 th , The study was laid out in a completely random design with four replications. Seed from each variety was pre-soaked and allowed to pip germinate prior to hand seeding into the flooded field on May 9. Each plot was surrounded by metal flashing to prevent movement of the seed and soil amendment into adjacent plots. During the season, days to heading, plant height, and days to harvest were recorded. Unlike the prior year in , in we applied Serenade Max Bacillus subtilis. In the spring , the field was flail mowed and disked multiple times. A completely randomized block design with four replications was used. After the rice was pegged, the field was re-flooded. However the study was completely lost due to weeds and had to be replanted in the same manner on June 6, Serenade Max Bacillus subtilis. Days to flowering, heading and height data were collected prior to harvest. At harvest, 0. Floodwater samples were periodically collected from each plot using a clean plastic centrifuge tube during the rice production. Once collected, the water samples were kept in a cooler and immediately stored in a freezer until analysis. During water sample analysis, tubes were transferred into a refrigerator for melting. Soil samples were collected after rice harvesting and air dry until constant weight. The air dried soil samples were finely ground to pass a 0. Rice grain samples were collected from each plot after milling and finely ground for total nitrogen analysis using wet chemistry. Efforts were made in and to contact organic rice producers and sellers in both Texas and Arkansas to determine the ways organic rice is grown, identify factors affecting organic rice profitability, and calculate organic rice production budgets in both states. Much information was gleaned from this effort, which first began in Texas. In , production costs for organic rice were estimated for key counties producing organic rice in Texas and were compared with those for conventional rice. Some general conclusions were gleaned from conversations with Texas and Arkansas organic rice producers and sellers. Compared with the season of , the yield of clover during was lower, likely due to low soil moisture during seed germination. The total nitrogen contents of the dry biomass were 2. Although numerically, rice grain yield following the ryegrass cover was higher than that under clover treatment, the difference was not significant. Rice varieties were different for grain yield with Tesanai having significantly higher grain yield than Presidio. Similar to cover crops, soil amendments did not have significant effect on rice grain yield. The grain yield using Nature Safe was similar to that with Rhizogen, indicating that both were equally effective in providing nutrients for organic rice production. However, the application rate of soil amendments significantly affected rice grain yield. Both cover crop and variety did not affect rice seedling establishment. Compared to Presidio, Tesanai had higher plant height. The weed density under Presidio was greater than that under Tesanai, indicating that greater weed competition with Presidio. Aboveground biomass of the rice crop was affected by the rate of soil amendments rather than the type of soil amendments. Compared to the control, application of soil amendments significantly increased aboveground biomass. Also, the aboveground biomass was highly correlated with the corresponding grain yield. Rice milling yield was significantly affected by cover crop and rice variety. Higher milling quality whole grain yield was observed with the ryegrass treatment than with clover. Also, Presidio had higher milling quality than Tesanai. The winter cover crops when averaged over all soil amendment treatments did not significantly affect the main crop MC grain yields in Fig. Our two-year studies indicated that ryegrass and clover had the same effect on organic rice production in southern USA. Rice variety had a significant effect on MC grain yield. Grain yield using Nature Safe was similar to that with Rhizogen, indicating that both were equally effective in providing nutrients for organic rice production. Plant height decreased in the order of Tesanai, XL, and Presidio. Although taller varieties would be expected to have an advantage in weed competition, the weed density was very low in organic rice trials. Rice milling yield of MC was significantly affected by cover crop and rice variety. Higher milling quality whole grain yield was observed with the ryegrass treatment than with clover and fallow. Also, the highest milling yield was with Presidio and lowest with Tesanai. To our knowledge, no study has been reported on the potential of ratooning in an organic rice system. Rice variety had a significant effect on all tested aspects of rice production Table 1. Tesanai had higher grain yield and 1, grain weight than Presidio and XL Table 2. Compared to conventional cultivars, the hybrid, XL, had greater spikelets per panicle and fertility per panicle than Tesanai and Presidio. Presidio had higher milling yield and percentage of filled grain on the panicle than the other cultivars and was not significantly different from XL for harvest index Table 2. There were no significant differences among the nitrogen applications Table 1 although there was a trend for increased rice grain yield, milling quality, percentage of filled grain, and harvest index with the split application of nitrogen as compared to the control Table 3. The effects of rice cultivar, cover crop and soil amendment on severity of NBLS, brown spot, and straighthead were also investigated in the same field trial as for organic rice production at Beaumont in These results indicate that Presidio was very susceptible to NBLS and Tesanai was resistant in this organic rice production system, which is in agreement with our previous studies. Cover crop treatments did not affect NBLS. However, the clover cover crop treatment had a significantly lower brown spot severity compared to the winter fallow and ryegrass treatments. In addition, no symptoms of straighthead were observed in any plots. The severity of NBLS and brown spot was lowest in the clover cover crop treatment and highest in the fallow treatment Fig. Both Presidio and XL had a similar but higher levels of brown spot compared to Tesanai. No symptoms of straighthead were observed in plots with any cover crop treatments including fallow. The results of this field study indicate that use of resistant cultivars such as Tesanai and XL and clover cover crop was effective in reducing NBLS and brown spot. When growing a more susceptible cultivar like Presidio, a cover crop was effective in reducing the level of disease as compared to the fallow treatment. Severity of NBLS was highest 3. Tesanai 1. The results of this field study indicate that resistant cultivars such as Tesanai and XL, optimum fertilizer N level and cover crop can be effective tools to reduce the damage caused by diseases in organic rice. Two greenhouse assays were conducted to evaluate if cover crop-amended soils could induce systemic resistance against NBLS and enhance the growth of rice plants. Clover and ryegrass amendment treatments did not reduce the severity of NBLS compared to fallow control treatment Table 1. Both cover crop treatments did not improve plant height either. However, both cover crop treatments significantly increased dry above ground plant biomass with clover cover crop treatment being more effective than ryegrass cover crop treatment. Unlike the field trials, the results of this greenhouse assay indicate that field soils incorporated with clover or ryegrass cover crop did not induce resistance to NBLS but enhanced plant growth. Our second greenhouse trial indicated that all the amendment rates of clover and ryegrass did not reduce the severity of NBLS compared to the untreated control Table 2. However, either clover or ryegrass at 3. The results of this amendment rate study are in agreement with the results of the field plot soil amendment study conducted in the greenhouse, indicating that soil amendment with a high rate of clover or ryegrass could improve rice plant growth but did not induce resistance against the NBLS disease. The differences in disease control between the field and greenhouse study could be a result of other factors impacting the spread of the disease in the field versus the greenhouse where all plants were artificially inoculated. In the rice season April-August , impacts of winter cover crop ryegrass vs. However, the rice growth stage had slightly effect on the EC of the floodwater with a general decreasing pattern with rice growth. The floodwater pH values were affected by both cropping system and rice growth stage. Under organic fallow system, the pH value slightly increased and then decreased with rice development. However, under conventional rice system, the pH value slightly decreased with rice growth. The water soluble P was quite constant during rice growth for all treatments. Our results indicated that there were no significant differences in water quality between organic and conventional rice systems and the winter cover crop and N rate had minimal effects on water quality. Prior to harvest in , evidence of sheath rot Sarocladium oryzae and brown spot diseases and rice water weevil Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel symptoms were noted. Brown spot and sheath rot were most prevalent in the Charleston Gold and the IAC whereas straighthead was more of a problem in the Carolina Gold and Charleston Gold. The highest yielding cultivars were Tesanai and Presidio. The other three varieties are for specialty markets: IAC -purple aromatic, Charleston Gold -long grain aromatic, and Carolina Gold - heirloom variety; the latter two are currently being grown commercially in South Carolina. These results indicate that there is significant room for improvement in yield potential, maturity, and height based upon choice of cultivars for production in South Carolina. However, varieties must also have grain quality traits suitable for local markets. Milling yield was extremely low for all varieties and was attributed to overdrying the samples in the greenhouse. The South Carolina results were also compared with two years of data from Texas. Although the magnitude was different between yields of the varieties at the two locations, the ranking was very similar. Although these varieties are suited to high value niche markets, Charleston Gold, Carolina Gold, and IAC were the lowest yielding in the trial. Weed and disease pressure were not high, however more weeds were observed in the shorter varieties Presidio and IAC Tesanai and XL had significantly higher yields than the other four cultivars. Charleston Gold and Presidio had similar yields and were significantly greater than IAC and Carolina Gold which were not significantly different from one another. All but IAC purple bran variety were milled to determine whole milling yields. The chart demonstrates crop value whole grain rice x yield per acre using head rice yields, except for IAC which is presented as brown hulled rice yield Fig. These results demonstrate wide differences in economic yields among the varieties. Of the three years the study was conducted, yields were greater in than the other two. There were no significant differences for disease pressure and physiological disorders i. Although weed pressure early caused an initial crop failure in resulting in replanting, the weeds that were present in the final stands did not result in a noticeable loss in yields. Based on the past three years of data, recommendations are now being made to growers in South Carolina and there has been a rise in conventional rice production as well as transitional and organic rice acreage. Further work is needed for cultivar trials to further this progress in South Carolina. The results from the six year-site trials have been delivered to stakeholders including county extension agents, producers, scientific community, visiting scientists, postdoc research associates, technician, student workers, and industry consultants through field day tours, workshops, seminars, presentations, published materials, scientific meetings, and on-farm demonstrations. The results and outcomes of the research project will be published in scientific papers. We have organized three field tours and four workshops during the annual field days in the Beaumont Center. Cumulatively, more than audiences of producers, industry consultants, county extension agents, and students attended our tours and workshops. This project has trained three visiting scientists, two postdoctoral research associates and one graduate student. Also, this project along with the SARE Young Scholar Programs has trained three students two high school students and one undergraduate. In addition, an Advisory Committee including was assembled in late Annually, we had a workshop to update our progress in organic rice research and suggestions and comments from the Advisory Committee were used to improve our research efforts. For example, we added hybrid varieties in our field trials which were suggested by our Advisory Committee to reflect the increasing interest of producers on this entry. Additionally, in , an on-farm demonstration trial was conducted on the field of one of local organic rice producers, Salci Slack. These budget results were presented to participants of an organic rice workshop held July 10, at the Beaumont, Texas Field Day. The information gleaned from these conversations was presented at a second organic rice workshop held July 9, at the Beaumont, Texas Field Day. One of the primary challenges of organic rice production is growing a rice crop without using inorganic inputs that are commonplace in conventional rice inorganic herbicides, insecticides, fungicides and fertilizers. The absence of such inputs makes cultivar selection and good water management very important in an organic rice system. Varieties with good weed or disease suppressive traits are more ideal than varieties susceptible to pests. Water is the one input that is most indispensable in organic rice production. Flood is the most effective means of controlling weeds, and good flood management can also reduce damage from diseases. Good flood control requires a consistent source of water and good control moving water across the field. The latter usually means precision leveling is needed. Organic rice fields are usually precision leveled and are generally no more than Organic rice levees are typically taller than conventional levees to allow for good control of grass weeds. Approximately one-third more water is applied to organic rice than to conventional rice. Production expenses are not as big an issue with organic rice as with conventional rice. This is due ironically to the absence of inorganic production inputs in the organic rice system. The main component necessary for profitable organic rice production is a guaranteed price premium, as organic yields are typically much lower than conventional yields. The organic rice producer must have a buyer or buyers already at hand in order to receive a price premium. The crop is typically sold by contract, and the buyer often dictates the type of rice cultivars to be grown. The price obtained for organic rice is generally twice that for conventional rice. A few barriers to entry were also mentioned by organic rice growers. One barrier is the three-year waiting period required for organic certification of rice ground. There is no established market for rice grown in this transitionary period and the producer must wait three years to obtain the organic rice premium. Another barrier to entry is the inability to obtain operating loans for organic rice. Organic rice also requires large amounts of paperwork for yearly inspection and certification. It is also hard for to grow both conventional and organic rice. It is best to segregate equipment for both rice products. Finally, organic rice must be grown in rotation either with other organic crops or with fallow ground. A four-year rotation is typical for organic rice. The primary information obtained from organic growers and sellers will be used to develop organic rice production budgets. Partial budget analysis will be conducted to identify profitable and cost effective organic management practices and to evaluate the profitability of research results from this and future organic rice research projects. Plans are also underway to continue direct interaction with organic producers to obtain more information about organic rice management and to create interactive organic rice budgets to assist producers in profitability estimation. At least farmers have been reached by this research project so far through field days tours, workshops, training sessions, and scientific meetings which farmers regularly attend. More farmers will be reached by the research project through the continuing field day tours and workshops and presentations and videos that will be readily available on-line in the near future. There has been a lot of interest by farmers of conventional rice production. Farmers are becoming increasing aware of the benefits of using cover crops and soil amendment addition production practices. We expect significant adoption of organic rice production over time. Variety selection was successful during this project, and thus this production system would be a good starting place for farmers considering organic rice production. More research needs to be conducted on sustainable nutrient nitrogen management in organic rice production. Low tillering and possible nutrient stresses during organic rice production create big challenges to organic rice production. Also, optimal planting time should be studied too. Research is needed to breed cultivars specific for organic rice production which can sustain low nitrogen supply and resist to disease and weed stresses. Field Seedbed Layout at Beaumont Center. Durana Clover Cover Crop. Ryegrass Cover Crop. Organic Rice Crop at early stage. Organic Rice at tillering stage. Organic Rice at Maturity. Organic rice at the organic farm of South Carolina. Table 1. Significance of the main effects of seeding rate and cultivar and interactions among the main effects for organic rice production. Table 2. Table 3. Table 4. Table 5. Estimated costs, conventional versus organic rice, Jefferson-Liberty Counties in Texas, Table 6. Break-even yields required to cover total specified costs at varying rice prices, organic rice, Jefferson-Liberty Counties in Texas, Crop value of different cultivars grown under organic production in Charleston, SC Quantify the combined effects of cover crop, organic soil amendments, and variety selection on rice yield, milling quality, and disease severity with field trials conducted on organic land in conjunction with an established stakeholder research and outreach advisory board. Determine ecological services carbon sequestration, nitrogen retention, and water quality provided by organic rice farming using the proposed integrated practices. Demonstrate economic viability of integrated organic rice management through the use of enterprise budgets. Provide information to farmers, researchers, county agents, natural resource managers, and regional public officials on the production potential, financial viability, and ecological impacts of organic rice cropping systems. David Anderson. Stephen Kresovich. Anna McClung. Brian Ward. Xin-Gen Zhou. Materials and methods:. Winter Cover Crops Two selected winter cover crops, Durana white clover and ryegrass, were planted on well-prepared seedbeds using a rig on November 1, , October 12, , and November 6, Organic Rice Winter cover crop treatments served as main plots with rice varieties Tesanai — high yield, used for flour market, Presidio — superior long grain quality, and XL - high yield, new released hybrid that was suggested by the Organic Rice Production Advisory Board as subplots. Disease monitor The effects of rice cultivar, cover crop and soil amendment on severity of narrow brown leaf spot NBLS , brown spot, and straighthead were also investigated in the same field trials as for organic rice production at Beaumont during rice seasons. Charleston, South Carolina Over the last 20 years there has been increasing interest in re-establishing rice production in South Carolina for the primary purpose of supporting the local food market. Economic Analysis Efforts were made in and to contact organic rice producers and sellers in both Texas and Arkansas to determine the ways organic rice is grown, identify factors affecting organic rice profitability, and calculate organic rice production budgets in both states. Research results and discussion:. Organic Rice Although numerically, rice grain yield following the ryegrass cover was higher than that under clover treatment, the difference was not significant. Disease monitoring The effects of rice cultivar, cover crop and soil amendment on severity of NBLS, brown spot, and straighthead were also investigated in the same field trial as for organic rice production at Beaumont in Charleston, South Carolina Prior to harvest in , evidence of sheath rot Sarocladium oryzae and brown spot diseases and rice water weevil Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel symptoms were noted. Dou, F. McClung, and X. The impacts of soil amendments on organic rice production oral presentation. Tampa, FL. November Integrating choice of variety, soil amendments and cover crops to optimize organic rice production. Texas Rice Special Section. Improving soil quality to increase yield and reduce diseases in organic rice production oral presentation. Improving soil quality to increase yield in organic rice production poster. Field Day. Eagle Lake, TX. Beaumont, TX. Zhou, A. McClung, J. Storlien, Y. Lang, A. Torbert, F. Hons, B. Ward, S. Kresovich, and J. Cover crop, soil amendments, and variety effects on organic rice production in Texas oral presentation. New Orleans, LA. February, Zhou, X. Effects of cover crops, fertility, cultivars, and biocontrol agents on organic rice diseases. Organic Rice Advisory Meeting. Houston, Texas, USA. Organic rice disease management. Pages Garrett, T. Learning experience of organic rice production. McClung, A. Cover crop, soil amendments, and variety effects on organic rice production in Texas. Summary of organic rice production. Beaumont, TX, July 10, Watkins, K. Economics of organic rice production. Effects of cover crops, fertility, and cultivars on organic rice diseases. Impact of variety and organic production methods on yield, quality, and grain arsenic. Ward, B. System of Rice Intensification Cultivar Trials Zhou, F. Hons, A. McClung, S. Wang, Y. Lang, G. Li, J. Storlien, J. Wight, K. Landry, and G. Improving organic rice production through combining cover crop, soil amendment, and variety selection. The 67th Annual Beaumont Field Day. Beaumont, TX July 10, Tarpley, William and Fugen Dou. Internship with Organic Rice Production. Hons, X. Wang, A. Torbert, Y. Storlien, and J. Effects of cover crop and soil amendment on organic rice production. Long Beach, CA. November , Organic rice production: minimizing exposure to grain arsenic. Dou, G. Liu, and F. Organic rice management effects on greenhouse gas emissions in southeast Texas. Effects of cultivars, organic cropping management, and environment on anti-oxidants in whole grain rice. Cereal Chemistry accepted March 17, Organic Rice Production in Arkansas. Beaumont, TX, July 9, Tan, Tommy and Fugen Dou. Project outcomes:. Farmer Adoption At least farmers have been reached by this research project so far through field days tours, workshops, training sessions, and scientific meetings which farmers regularly attend. Areas needing additional study More research needs to be conducted on sustainable nutrient nitrogen management in organic rice production. Return to Project Overview. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author s and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.
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