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The French Navy (Ma­rine Nationale) cre­ated a se­ries of heavy cruiser de­signs in 1939 to fol­low the Algérie but free of the lim­i­ta­tions im­posed on war­ship con­struc­tion by the Lon­don Naval Treaty and Wash­ing­ton Naval Treaty. This se­ries was des­ig­nated C5. At the out­break of Sec­ond World War, all ships under con­struc­tion that could not be fin­ished in the short term were sus­pended, and their de­signs re­viewed. The C5 de­sign was mod­i­fied and up­dated, and ten­ta­tively to be named the Saint-Louis class. All fur­ther de­sign work on the Saint-Louis class ended with the fall of France in 1940.
C5 A3: 10,246 t (10,084 long tons; 11,294 short tons),
C5 SA1: 10,349 t (10,186 long tons; 11,408 short tons),
2-shaft geared steam turbines, 4 Indret boilers;
C5 A3:
9 × 203 mm (8.0 in)/55 guns (3 × 3)
10 × 100 mm (3.9 in)/45 Modèle 1933 (5 × 2)
8 × 37 mm (1.5 in)/70 Modèle 1935 (4 × 2)
6 × 550 mm (22 in) torpedo tubes (2 × 3),
C5 SA1:
9 × 203 mm (8.0 in)/55 guns (3 × 3)
14 × 100 mm (3.9 in)/45 Modèle 1933 (7 × 2)
12 × 37 mm (1.5 in)/70 Modèle 1935 (6 × 2)
16 × 13.2 mm (0.52 in)/76 machine guns (4 × 4)
6 × 550 mm (22 in) torpedo tubes (2 × 3),
Belt: 100 mm (3.94 in)
Upper armored deck: 80 mm (3.1 in)
Lower armored deck: 38 mm (1.5 in)
Main turrets: 50–100 mm (2.0–3.9 in)
C5 A3: 2 Loire 130 seaplanes, two catapults
C5 SA1: 0 seaplanes, 0 catapults
Work on the C5 pro­gram began to even­tu­ally re­place the Duguay-Trouin class light cruis­ers, which were due for re­place­ment from 1946, as stip­u­lated in the Lon­don Naval Treaty of 1930 that all cruis­ers over 3,000 tons could not be re­placed until twenty years from their date of commission.[1][2]With the typ­i­cally re­quired year of de­sign work and four to five years to build a cruiser in France, pre­lim­i­nary de­sign work began in the Spring of 1939 by the STCN (Ser­vice tech­nique des con­struc­tions navales). French Navy of­fi­cials in the late 1930s, in ad­di­tion to their con­cern over the growth of the Ital­ian Regia Ma­rina, were also in­flu­enced by the news of Ger­many lay­ing down five (nom­i­nally) 10,000-ton heavy cruis­ers armed with 20.3 cm guns which fur­ther im­pelled the need for newer, more heav­ily armed cruis­ers. The new 1939 pro­gram was given the des­ig­na­tion 'C5', fol­low­ing the French navy nomen­cla­ture for cruis­ers since 1926 (a 'C' des­ig­na­tion with num­bers in se­quence, start­ing with Col­bert as 'C1', to Algérie as 'C4').
Lit­tle re­mains of the orig­i­nal doc­u­men­ta­tion for the C5 pro­gram but a doc­u­ment from 12 May 1939 listed two plans (likely) for com­pet­i­tive eval­u­a­tion. One plan was to be called A3 for "Avi­a­tion 3", with two sea­planes. The sec­ond plan was to be called SA1 for "Sans-Avi­a­tion 1" that was pro­posed with­out naval avi­a­tion fa­cil­i­ties. Both de­signs would be based on Algérie, such as a flush deck, bridge tower struc­ture and pro­tec­tion. The major in­no­va­tion of the C5 over the C4 was the adop­tion of three triple mounted 203 mm (8 in) guns., which was in­flu­enced by the De Grasse-class light cruis­ers. This gave the C5, not only a sin­gle gun ad­van­tage over most con­tem­po­rary heavy cruiser de­signs, which usu­ally had an eight gun 4 × 2 gun con­fig­u­ra­tion, but also re­duced the nec­es­sary cen­tre­line length re­quired by elim­i­nat­ing one tur­ret. This al­lowed for ad­di­tional anti-air­craft guns (in the case of the SA1 de­sign) or an en­larged sea­plane hangar (in the case of the A3 design).[3]
The C5 pro­gram also re­quired the in­cor­po­ra­tion of two newly de­vel­oped anti-air­craft sys­tems, the dual-pur­pose Canon de 100 mm Modèle 1933, which would never see ser­vice (it was also planned for the De Grasse-class light cruis­ers and the Le Fier-class tor­pedo boats), and the ad­vanced Canon de 37 mm Modèle 1935 ACAD (au­toma­tique con­tre-avions double). The ACAD was a fully au­to­matic twin 37 mm gun sys­tem, loaded from an un­der­ground am­mu­ni­tion lobby be­neath the fully en­closed power-trained (but not el­e­vated). Fir­ing from six-round mag­a­zines, the guns fired high-sen­si­tiv­ity pro­jec­tiles 825 mps at 165-172 rounds per minute with a fir­ing pres­sure of 3,000 kg/cm. This high rate of fire and high pres­sure on the gun also meant the ACAD had a very short bar­rel life of ap­prox­i­mately 600 rounds. To elim­i­nate is­sues of flash and vi­bra­tion in aim­ing ex­pe­ri­enced by on-mount sights, the guns were di­rected by a 2-me­tre rangefin­ger mounted a sep­a­rate fire con­trol tower which aimed and fired the gun. A sin­gle gun pro­to­type of the ACAD was mounted on Amiens in 1939 which pro­vided cov­er­ing anti-air­craft fire for re­treat­ing British Ex­pe­di­tionary Force dur­ing the Bat­tle of Dunkirk.[4]
The pri­mary dif­fer­ence be­tween the A3 and SA1 de­signs was the use of space aft amid­ship. The "A3" de­sign uti­lized this space for two Loire 130 and two sea­plane cat­a­pults, with a lift and rest po­si­tion be­tween them. A ro­tat­ing plat­form be­tween the cat­a­pults also al­lowed the sea­planes on trol­leys to be ma­noeu­vred di­rectly onto the cat­a­pult with­out the use of cranes. This was the same sys­tem on the De Grasse and Dunkerque classes. Twin fif­teen-me­tre (49 ft) cranes were to be used to re­cover the sea­planes from the water.
The "SA1" plan con­versely did not pos­sess any air­craft fa­cil­i­ties. In­stead the space where the A3 de­sign used as air­craft fa­cil­i­ties was used for two more 37 mm ACAD tur­rets and two more twin 100 mm/45 po­si­tions. Ab­sent from the A3 de­sign, four quadru­ple Hotchkiss M1929 ma­chine gun po­si­tions were lo­cated on the cor­ners of the shel­ter deck, as with the Algérie. These sig­nif­i­cantly in­creased the SA1 anti-air­craft ca­pa­bil­i­ties over the A3 de­sign. The trade-off be­tween the de­signs was an in­crease in in­ter­nal vol­ume needed for the ad­di­tional 100 and 37 mm ar­moured am­mu­ni­tion mag­a­zines by 3.5 m and in­creas­ing the weight of the SA1 de­sign by over 100 tons. The ad­di­tional anti-air­craft guns would also re­quire more crew and ac­com­mo­da­tions than the avi­a­tion fo­cused A3 de­sign.
14,536 t (14,306 long tons; 16,023 short tons)
unspecified, 120,000 shp (89,000 kW)
4,200 nautical miles (7,800 km) at 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph)
3 × triple 203 mm (8 in) guns
6 × twin 100 mm (3.9 in) guns
6 × twin 37 mm (1.5 in) AA guns
2 × triple 550 mm (22 in) torpedo tubes
With the out­break of war in Eu­rope on 1 Sep­tem­ber 1939, all ships under con­struc­tion that could not be com­pleted in the short term were sus­pended and were to be re­viewed, in­clud­ing the C5 pro­gram. By 23 Jan­u­ary, a new study for a 13,000-ton dis­place­ment heavy cruiser was au­tho­rized based on the C5. This was fur­ther elab­o­rated in the 1 April 1940 naval de­cree which called for the con­struc­tion of three such heavy cruis­ers. The gen­eral char­ac­ter­is­tics and spec­i­fi­ca­tions were out­lined by 15 April 1940 with the max­i­mum dis­place­ment in­crease even fur­ther to 14,770 tons, and by 15 May 1940. A list of names for the new heavy cruis­ers were drawn up based on re­tired pre-dread­nought bat­tle­ships. These names were Saint-Louis, Henri IV, Charle­magne, Bren­nus, Charles Martel and Vercinge­torix. All work on the Saint-Louis class was scrapped after the fall of France on 25 June 1940, with­out a fi­nal­ized ar­mour lay­out (out of four dif­fer­ent sug­gested plans) and with­out fi­nal­ized de­tails on the en­gines.
French naval ship classes of World War II
LL
Lend-Lease
S
Single ship of class
X
Cancelled
Saint-Louis
Henri IV
Charlemagne
Brennus
Charles Martel
Vercingetorix
This page was last edited on 20 October 2020, at 06:55
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