Sri Lanka Hydroponics

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Sri Lanka Hydroponics

hydroponics

Sri Lanka Hydroponics

Мефедрон Крит

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Sri Lanka Hydroponics

Берд Гидропоника

By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. To learn more, view our Privacy Policy. To browse Academia. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Ek Kaan. A short summary of this paper. This situation has lead to poor yield and quality. In addition, conventional crop growing in soil Open Field Agriculture is difficult as it involves large space, lot of labour and large volume of water. And in some places like metropolitan areas, soil is not available for crop growing. Another serious problem experienced since of late is the dif ficulty to hire labour for conventional open field agriculture. Air A e Hydroponics or soil-less culture is a n g system of growing plants which helps reduce c ho r a some of the above mentioned problems Water experienced in conventional crop cultivation. Nutrients Figure 1: A plant grown in soil Soil is usually the most available growing medium and plants normally grow in it. It provides anchorage, nutrients, air, water, etc. Modification of a soil an alternate growing medium tends to be expensive. However, soils do pose serious limitations for plant growth, at times. Presence of disease causing organisms and nematodes, unsuitable soil reaction, unfavourable soil compaction, poor drainage, degradation due to erosion, etc. Thus the costly and time- hydroponic systems. Later, when plant consuming tasks of soil sterilization, soil physiologists started to grow plants with specific amelioration, etc. As a result, researchers became interested in the potential What is it? Hydroponics or soil-less culture is a technology for growing plants in nutrient In , Dr. William F. Gericke of the solutions that supply all nutrient elements University of California succeeded in growing needed for optimum plant growth with or tomato vines of 7. Thus, hydroponics broke the laboratory bounds and entered the world of practical horticulture. The term hydroponics originally meant nutrient solution culture. However, crop growing in inert solid media using nutrient solution is also included in hydroponics in broad sense. Home hydroponics kits became popular during s. Many use inert in hydroponics. In any hydroponics system solid medium such as coconut fibre or coir-dust the following basic requirements must be with fertigation and some use balanced nutrient maintained at optimum levels. However, plant growing in solid media Hydroponics for anchorage using nutrient solution is also included in hydroponics. This technique is Soils naturally maintain the temperature called aggregate system. Hydroponics and aeration needed for root growth. When the systems are further categorized as open i. Soil adjusts recycled. Current hydroponics systems of itself to provide suitable conditions for plant cultivation can be classified according to the growth. It is called the buffer action of the soils. A hydroponic technique Plants also absorb nutrients released through refers to the method of applying nutrient natural mineralization. In a solution or inert medium, Large numbers of hydroponic maintenance of acidity or alkalinity pH and techniques are available. However, consider electrical conductivity Ec in suitable ranges following factors in selecting a technique. Solution culture or Liquid hydroponics through the plant root system and excess -Circulating methods closed system solution is collected, replenished and reused Nutrient film technique NFT in these methods. Solid media culture Aggregate systems — nutrient solution. A thin film 0. The main systems. Aeroponics and clipped together Figure 6 to prevent -Root mist technique evaporation and to exclude light. The cross -Fog feed technique section of the channel is shown in figure 7. The growing medium absorbs nutrient solution for young plants and when the plants grow the roots form a mat in the channels. The nutrient solution is pumped to this technique has undergone several the higher end of each channel and flows by modifications. At lower end of the channels nutrient Deep Flow Technique DFT solution gets collected and flows to the nutrient solution tank. The solution is monitored for — Pipe System salt concentration before recycling. Some As the name implies, cm deep growers replace the nutrient solution every nutrient solution flows through 10 cm diameter week with fresh solution. PVC pipes to which plastic net pots with plants Adjust the flow rate of the nutrient are fitted. The plastic pots contain planting solution to litres per minute depending on materials and their bottoms touch the nutrient the length of the channel. Provide enough solution that flows in the pipes. The PVC pipes support for tall growing plants in this technique. The figure 8 and 10 below shows the main features of a DFT — pipe system. The single plane system is suitable for both tall and short crops. Small plastic cups with holes on the sides and bottom may be used instead of net pots. When the recycled solution falls into the Net pot plastic pot solution in the stock tank, the nutrient solution gets aerated. The PVC pipes must have a slope of drop of 1 in to facilitate the flow of nutrient solution. Painting the PVC pipes white will help reduce the heating up of nutrient solution. This system can be established in the open space or in protected structures as part of CEA. When its nutrient concentration decreases or pH or Ec changes, Plants are established in plastic net pots it is replaced. Old coir dust or carbonised rice husk or mixture of both may be used as planting material to fill Root Dipping Technique the net pots. Place a small piece of net as a In this technique, plants are grown in small pots filled with little growing medium. The pots are placed in such a way that lower 2 - 3 cm of the pots is submerged in the nutrient solution figure Some roots are dipped in the solution while others hang in the air above the solution for nutrient and air absorption, respectively. Air space This technique is easy and can be Air absorbing developed using easily available materials. Importantly, this technique does not require expensive items such as electricity, water Nutrient pump, channels, etc. For root crops beet, solution raddish, etc. Root dipping technique for A board is required to place on the non-root tuber crops container to prevent light penetration. The planting pots are also fixed to this board figure First, select a container for nutrient The number of holes in the board to fix solution. The container can be almost any the pots depends on the crops to be grown. An additional hole is necessary for air Styrofoam or wooden boxes, plastic buckets circulation and refilling. Styrofoam boxes are good as they can maintain the temperature of the nutrient solution. Place a black plastic sheet of at least 0. The depth of the box must be about 25 — 30 cm to provide enough solution as well as enough space above the solution for oxygen absorbing roots. Figure Boards with holes to cover the box and to which pots are fixed Seedlings are transplanted in plastic pots filled with sterilized old coir-dust or carbonised rice husk or the mixture of the two. Plastic net pots or plastic cups can be used. Place a small Maintain adequate air space above the piece of net inside the pots or cups to prevent nutrient solution in the container. Success of potting materials falling into the solution. Seeds the non-circulating hydroponics system could also be planted directly in the pots to depends on the rapid growth and quantity of raise the crop. These roots absorb oxygen for the plants. The pots with the plants are fitted on to the board as shown in figure 18 and will be placed on top of the box. Only the bottom 2 cm of the pots will be submerged in nutrient solution. Figure planting pots Figure Non-circulating hydroponic plants growing in a Styrofoam box The above steps complete the formation of non-circulating hydroponics system. Tall nutrient solution. Such increase is detrimental to plant growth. If this condition is observed, siphon out the remaining solution and refill with fresh solution. Root dipping technique for root tuber crops A 20 — 30 cm deep container can be used. Leaving a space of about 7. Later, plant roots artificially aerated. At this stage, the perforated tube will be removed. The resulting hole will facilitate Capillary Action Technique aeration and refilling. Planting pots of different sizes and shapes with holes at the bottom are used. These This is similar to box method but pots are placed in shallow containers filled with shallow containers 10 cm deep can be used. Nutrient solution reaches Plants established in small pots are fixed to a inert medium by capillary action Figure Aeration is very important in this technique. Therefore, old coir dust mixed with sand or gravel can be used. Therefore, use at least 06 months old coir-dust. Dry, clean Container with compressed coir-dust blocks are available for holes at bottom sale in the market. Highly porous Different techniques described below, growing medium according to the method of holding the planting medium, can be practiced. Nutrient solution Hanging Bag Technique Figure Capillary action technique Open system About 1 m long cylinder shaped, white plants. Aggregate System These bags are suspended vertically from an overhead support above a nutrient The following techniques involving solution-collecting channel. The media material technique. Seedlings or other planting materials selected must be flexible, friable, with water established in net pots are squeezed into holes and air holding capacity and can be drained on the sides of the hanging bags. The nutrient easily. In addition, it must be free of toxic solution is pumped to top of each hanging bag substances, pests, disease causing through a micro sprinkler attached inside the microorganisms, nematodes, etc. The medium hanging bags at the top. This micro sprinkler used must be thoroughly sterilized before use. Nutrient solution drips down culture wetting the coconut fibre and plant roots. In protected structures, the hanging bags in the rows and amongst the rows must be spaced in such a way that adequate sunlight falls on the bags in the inner rows. The number of plants per bag varies depending on the plants. About 20 lettuce plants can be established per bag. This system is suitable for leafy vegetables, strawberry, and small flower plants. Black colour tubes will have to be used for nutrient solution delivery to prevent mould growth inside. Grow Bag Technique In this technique 1 — 1. These bags are about 6 cm in height and 18 cm wide. These bags are placed end to end horizontally in rows on the floor with walking space in between Figure The bags may be placed in paired rows depending on the crop to grow. Make sure that the per bag. Make 02 small slits low on each growing media is not completely saturated with side of the bags for drainage or leaching. Fertigation with black capillary tube leading from main supply line to each plant is Cover the entire floor with white UV practiced. The nutrient solution and water may resistant polythene before placing the bags. This white polythene reflects the sunlight to Depending on the stage of crop growth and the plants. It also reduces the relative humidity the prevailing weather conditions, vary the in between plants and incidence of fungal diseases. When tall growing plants are established supporting structures will be necessary. Trench or Trough Technique In this open system, plants are grown in narrow trenches in the ground Figure 27 or above ground troughs figure 28 constructed with bricks or concrete blocks. Both trenches and troughs are lined with waterproof material thick UV resistant polythene sheets in two layers to separate the growing media from rest of the ground. The width of the trench or trough can be decided depending on the ease of operation. Wider trenches or troughs will permit two rows of plants. The depth varies depending on the plants to grow and a minimum of 30 cm may Figure Tomato plants growing in grow bags be necessary. The nutrient solution and water Tall growing vine plants cucumber, are supplied through a drip irrigation system tomato, etc. Volume of the delivery pipe container and growing media depend on the crop growth requirements. The volume ranges Pot filed with growing medium generally from 01 to 10 litres. Growing media, nutrient solution Nutrient solution supply, providing support to plants, etc. Figure Hydroponics plants in pot technique Aeroponic Technique Aeroponic is a method of growing The aeroponic culture is usually plants where they are anchored in holes in practiced in protected structures and is suitable Styrofoam panels and their roots are for low leafy vegetables like lettuce, spinach, suspended in air beneath the panel. The etc. The nutrient solution is technique is the maximum utilization of space. Misting In this technique twice as many plants may be is done for a few seconds every 2 — 3 minutes. Another potential application of this solution aerated. The plants obtain nutrients technique is in the production of plants free of and water from the solution film that adheres soil particles from cuttings for exports. Nursery Medium The growing medium must provide satisfactory conditions for seed germination and to raise pest and disease free seedlings. The following materials can be used as medium to raise seedlings or to root planting materials. Sterilize the medium before use. For coir-dust, add hydrated lime to bring its pH to Trays made up of different materials neutral. For a 05 kg coir-dust block, about are available for sale in market. Depending on — g hydrated lime is needed. Germination trays can be stem cuttings. Remove these papers at the cuttings with nodes. Mint- 10 — 12 cm long semi- Maintain the moisture level of the hardwood stem cuttings medium at correct level for uniform germination Sarana- Semi-hardwood stem cuttings. Planting Material Production Vegetative parts separated from mother plants can also be rooted and used as planting materials. Individual containers or trays filled with growing medium are used for rooting these vegetative parts. Select vegetative parts that are free from pests, disease causing organisms and nematodes for Figure Rooted Kang Kong stem cutting ready propagation. For example, following materials for planting can be used for propagation. Nutrient Supply Nutrient supply is not necessary until the emergence of first two true leaves. Until such time apply only clean water. However, when they unfold, nutrient supply must begin gradually as the growing medium contains very little plant nutrients. The fertilizer mixture meant hydroponics plants could also be used for nursery plants. The Vegetative parts can sometimes be directly nutrient solution will reach the media through established in the hydroponics system. Vegetative parts for propagation planted in individual containers or trays are also placed in shallow nutrient solution Nursery Period containers as seedling trays. The nursery period varies with the crops. Tomato 3 - 4 weeks true leaves stage Cabbage 4 - 5 weeks true leaves stage Salad cucumber 3 weeks true leaves stage Lettuce 2 - 3 weeks Bell Pepper 4 - 5 weeks Select vigorous seedlings with the characteristics for the variety concerned for establishment in hydroponics. Also tissue- cultured plants can be established in Figure Nursery pots placed in shallow nutrient hydroponics. When medium instead of the above mentioned media applying nutrient solution directly to nursery materials. The sponge block may twice till establishment. Without these nutrients plants cannot complete their life cycles and their roles in plant growth cannot be replaced by any other elements. These 17 essential elements are divided into macro- elements required in relatively large quantities and micro or trace elements required in considerably small quantities. Mn All essential nutrients are supplied to K Ca Zn hydroponics plants in the form of nutrient Fe Cu solution, which consists of fertilizers salts dissolved in water. The optimum pH success in hydroponic gardening. The hydroponic methods enable growers to control the availability of essential elements by adjusting or changing the nutrient solution to suit the plant growth stage and to provide them in balanced amounts. As the nutrients are present in ionic forms in the nutrient solution and also, not needing to search or compete for available nutrients as they do in soil, hydroponic plants reach maturity much sooner. Optimization of plant nutrition is easily achieved in hydroponics than in soil. Nutrient Solution Management While optimum nutrition is easy to achieve in hydroponics, incorrect management of the nutrient solution can damage the plants and lead to complete failure. The success or failure of a hydroponic garden therefore, depends primarily on the strict nutrient management programme. Carefully Figure Measuring nutrient solution pH using a manipulating the nutrient solution pH level, portable digital pH meter temperature and electrical conductivity and replacing the solution whenever necessary, will lead to a successful hydroponic garden. The further the pH of a nutrient solution pH Level from recommended pH range, the greater the In simple terms, pH is a measure of odds against the success. In a The figure 40 indicates the nutrient nutrient solution, pH determines the availability element availability at different pH levels of the of essential plant elements. A solution is solution. Nutrient deficiencies will become considered to be neutral at pH 7. For manganese, copper, zinc and boron becomes example, if pH is consistently 7. Should the pH of a expect intra-veinal chlorosis to occur, an nutrient solution fall below 6. The chart shows a pH range of 4. The width of the coloured section for each from solution, pH of the solution changes. The widest place denotes the adjusted to be between the recommended maximum availability. The narrowest place ranges. Chemical buffers can adjust the pH of denotes the least availability. The red line at a nutrient solution, when it strays outside the pH 6. It can be lowered by adding dilute elements at their highest availability. Although it is important from the solution, the total salt concentration, to stay within recommended range, it is far i. If the Ec more important to prevent large fluctuations. If it is lower, add nutrients to raise it. Electrical Conductivity Ec The electrical conductivity indicates the Preparation of Nutrient strength of nutrient solution, as measured by Solution an Ec meter. A limitation of Ec is that it indicates only the Though hydroponic growers can total concentration of the solution and not the formulate their own fertilizer mixtures to prepare individual nutrient components. Higher Ec will choose. Such impurities do not supply any nutrients but they are harmful as they can block the delivery tubes. Also avoid any formulation that has insoluble or less soluble salts. In hydroponics, the nutrients must be available in solution in ionic form for plant absorption. If they are found as salts, plants will suffer from nutrient deficiency symptoms. Although urea is completely soluble in water, it cannot be used in hydroponics, as it does not break into ionic form in the solution as it does in soils. Some fertilizer salts react with each other to produce insoluble precipitations. For example, ammonium sulphate and potassium chloride form less soluble potassium sulphate in the tank. Phosphate fertilizers act problematic in the presence of high calcium and magnesium concentrations, causing precipitation of low soluble phosphates. Therefore, select fertilizers that are compatible Figure Measuring nutrient solution Ec using a with each other. Alan Cooper. Fertilizer Mixtures for Nutrient chemicals Weight in grams Hydroponics Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Calcium nitrate Manganese sulphate 6. Nutrient chemicals Weight in grams Fertigation combines the two main factors of supplying water and plant nutrients Multi-K Potassium nitrate The right combination of the two is the key to obtain Refined grade calcium nitrate Magnesium sulphate Growing media 2. Fertilizers used 3. Irrigation water quality As the first two factors were discussed earlier, only irrigation water quality is discussed here. The example below explains Use good quality water with its pH and this situation. Ec suitable for plant growth. Based on pH, Ec and soluble salt content, water quality can be However, at all stages of crop growth, the pH of the nutrient solution must be maintained divided into 03 classes Table 4. However, when For circulating techniques DFT and latter is used for fertigation, thoroughly leach NFT , supply the nutrient solution for a the growing medium at least once a year. For aggregate systems solid media Methods of Fertigation culture , fertigation can be done manually or through drip irrigation system. Supply the Mix the fertilizers required for a particular fertilizers with irrigation water for a crop with daily water requirement of that crop predetermined time period so that the water and apply manually or through fertigation content of the growing media does not increase system. When fertigation is not The amounts of fertilizers mixed with done, the crop must be irrigated with water to irrigation water will vary depending on the maintain the medium at field capacity. Western fertilizer handbook. Page This is more so in liquid cultures as no planting medium is used. Therefore, growers must provide artificial supporting structures and train plants along those structures. Support is especially important, when tall growing indeterminate type crop varieties tomatoes, cucumber, etc. A polythene string can be tied at the base of each plant using a plastic plant clip or by a loose non-slip knot as shown in figure 43 and the string is tied vertically to the overhead Figure Training plants on vertical support. When plants grow, wind the main stems loosely around the string for support. In the case of the string from the overhead horizontal support tall growing indeterminate tomato varieties, and lower the plants about 60 cm and tie the placing additional plant clips every 3rd to 4th string shifting to a side figure This must nodes will be necessary to prevent the plants be done every 2 weeks, and the strings must from slipping down. For salad cucumbers, the vertical string is attached to each plant with plastic plant clips or by a loose non-slip knot at the base. As the plants grow, wind the main stem loosely around the string for support. Additional plant clips are attached to prevent plants from slipping. Tall growing indeterminate type tomatoes are trained to a single stem. All lateral branches are removed when they are about 5 cm long Figure Prune the lateral branches every 3 — 4 days, and it is best done early in the day. Indeterminate type tomato plants that produce long term crops are lowered to a working height as they grow, keeping production limited to fruit grown on the 2 — 2. To get large, quality fruits, fruit thing will be necessary. Depending on the size required, 3 to 5 fruits may be left in a cluster. For salad cucumbers, umbrella system of pruning can be adopted. It involves pruning all lateral branches until the plant reaches the overhead horizontal support figure There, the terminal bud is removed and two side branches are allowed to grow downwards. Vigorous plants will continue to produce fruits Figure The umbrella training system for cucumber Figure Tomato plant at left will be lowered the position at right by retying the support string to the overhead horizontal support several cm to the right on the downward growing lateral branches, Bell pepper plants are trained to two although the rate of fruit production tends to stems. Vertical strings tied to overhead slow down. Guide these side stems to the vertical strings. Flowers occur Salad cucumber may produce more than one in axils of each branch. Side shoots arising fruit per node; these can be thinned out to one from the stems must be pruned after 2 — 3 fruit per node or allowed to develop if they are leaves so that fruiting takes place only on the not curved or otherwise distorted in shape. Periodic fruit thinning may Heavy fruiting at lower part of the vine will be required to obtain large, good quality fruits. As the temperature goes up, plant respiration Requirements of increases causing a higher demand for oxygen. This requirement is Soil-less Culture more critical in green houses and net houses where the temperature is bound to Meet the following requirements to increase during mid afternoons. Steps must develop and maintain a successful be taken to counter such increase. Any pH or Ec outside these ranges a height, natural aeration will take place. Look for nutritional disorder depends on the rapid growth and quantity symptoms in plants and adjust nutrient of roots that are exposed to the air. These solution accordingly Figure Ideally, top two thirds of the young root system must be in the air and the rest must be floating in the nutrient solution. If this condition is observed, Agriculture siphon out the remaining solution and refill Hydroponics culture is probably the with fresh solution. In combination with green houses and protective covers controlled soil-less culture plants. Light and all other environment agriculture , it is high technology requirements are the same as though grown and capital intensive. With the possibility of in open fields. Remove and destroy conservative of water and land and protective any infected plants as soon as they are of the environment. If in doubt, discard and replace the medium. Also ensure that he water supply is also free from nematodes. Use black colour tubes to avoid such problems. Between crops, thoroughly clean the system using a mild solution of chlorine. After cleaning, thoroughly flush the system with fresh water before replanting. Therefore nutrient solution may use of land area are the principal advantages be applied continuously instead of water to of soil-less culture in combination with supply both water and nutrients. Blowers pesticide free products, which fetch higher can be used to improve the airflow inside the prices at the increasingly ready markets, at structures. Hormones may also be used to increase the chances of pollination inside Precautions protected structures. For example, 0. Hormone application is One serious concern in Sri Lanka and effective for tomato 3 days before and 3 days other tropical countries is the rise of solution after blooming. Adoption of closed system of hydroponics where the solution is recycled helps reduce such rise in temperature to some extend. As experienced in normal crop Sunlight husbandry, pests diseases and too affect hydroponics plants and they also show In protected structures, it was physiological as well as nutritional disorders observed that growth and yield of plants of under unfavourable conditions. Therefore, ensure that enough Physiological Disorders sunlight reaches the inner rows of these techniques. Sudden changes in environmental factors, incorrect nutrition supply or irrigation Pollination can bring about physiological disorder symptoms in plants. Some crop varieties are As protected structures effectively more prone to these conditions than others. Also lack of natural airflow also reduces the chances of natural pollination. At the bottom end of tomato fruits, brown, High temperatures normally experienced inside sunken leathery spots appear Figure Avoiding these conditions will prevent blossom end rot. Rapid evaporation of fruit stalk Figure 52 appear. High day condensed moisture on fruit surface causes temperatures, large differences between day shrink cracks. Gradual change from day to and night temperature and sudden change in night temperatures and night ventilation can growing media moisture content are the causes prevent this condition. The Disease Damage in curvature of known as fruit crooking begins at Hydroponics early stages of fruit development and may be caused by adverse temperature, excessive In hydroponics, soil borne diseases are moisture in growing medium, poor nutrition, virtually eliminated. Certain common pests and excessive fruit load or insect damage. Affected diseases however, can affect these plants. Vigilance and early identification are important in controlling such problems. Keep the environment of the hydroponics plants clean and adopt correct cultural practices such as supply of well-balanced nutrients to maintain the plants healthy. Pests and diseases less affect healthy plants. If necessary apply recommended chemicals to control insect pests or diseases and always strictly adhere to recommended pre-harvest intervals. Nutritional Disorders In hydroponics all the essential nutrients are supplied through the nutrient solution. If the solution is deficient or excess Figure Fruit crooking of cucumber toxic in any of these nutrients or the pH or the Ec of the solution is beyond the suitable range, the plants will show nutritional disorder symptoms. These symptoms include changes in growth rate, size of plants, leaf shape and colour, leaf thickness, stem colour, inter node distance, nature of root system, etc. In addition, fruiting characteristics may change. Although these external symptoms vary according to crops and varieties, some common symptoms are described in table 5 and figures 55 to Younger leaves remain usually with a restricted root green longer. Stems, petioles and lower leaf system. Flowering and seed surfaces of tomato can turn purple. Phosphorus Plants are stunted and often a dark green No primary symptems yet colour. Anthocyanin pigments may acumulate. Sometimes copper and Dificiency sympems occur first in mature Zinc dificiency occurs in the leaves. Plant maturit is often delayed. Pottassium Symptoms first visible on orlder leaves. In Usually not exesively absorbed dicots, these leaves are initially chlorotic by plants. Exess potassium but soon scattered dark necrotic lesions may lead to magnesium dead areas develop. In many monocots, dificiency and possible the tips and margins of the leaves die first. Sulfur It not often encountered. Generally yellowing Reduction in growth and leaf of leaves, usually first visible in younger leaves. Leaf symptoms often absent or poorly defineed. Sometimes intervienal yellowing or leaf burning. Magnesium Intervienal chlorosis which first develops on Very little information available on the older leaves. The chlorosis may start at visual symptoms. Calcium Bud development is inhibited and root tips often No consistent visible die. Young leaves are affected before old leaves symptoms. Usually associated and become distorted and small with irregular with excess carbonate. Has been observed magnesium deficiency but on the after the application of sprys younger leaves. Chlorine Wilted leaves which then become Burning or firing of leaf tip or chlorotic and necrotic,eventually margins. Bronzing, yellowing and attaining a bronze colour. Roots leaf abscission and sometimes become stunted and thikened near chlorosis. Reduced leaf size and tips. Manganese Initial symptoms are often intervienal Some times chlorosis, uneven chlorosis on younger or older leaves chlorophyll distribution. Reduction depending on species. Necrotic in growth. Boron Symptoms vary with species. Stem and Yellowing of leaf tip followed by root apical meristems often die. Root progressive necrosis of the leaf tips often become swollen and beginning at tip or margins and discoloured. Internal tisues sometimes proceeding toward midrib. Zinc Reduction in internode length and leaf Exess zinc commonly produces iron size. Leaf margins are often distorted chlorosis in plants. Sometimes intervienal chlorosis. Copper Natural deficiency is rare. Young leaves Reduced growth followed by often become dark green and twisted symptoms of iron chlorosis, or misshapen, often with necrotic spots. Molybdenum Often intervienal chlorosis developing Rarely observed. Tomato leaves turn first on older or midstem leaves, then golden yellow. This will even in upstairs, open spaces and in be further high if the soil-less culture is protected structures. The grower will not have any direct contact with soil. No need of making beds, maintenance of pH and Ec, nutrient weeding, watering, etc. However, priority must be given to high-value crops depending Fruit crops - Strawberry, on the market situation. One must know the age of the fruits or plants to correctly identify maturity. Reports on crops may be maintained for this purpose. Harvest fruits by cutting with a sharp knife with minimum damage to fruits and plant stem. For salads, harvests before the fruits reach full red ripen stage; when When the harvest is in fruit form, they are at yellow-red stage. It is better to discard odd shaped, damaged, or spotted fruits wear a pair of gloves while harvesting and use and grade according to their sizes into large, disinfected knife or scissors. It may be suitably labelled to indicate its quality for At least some colour should be example, free of pesticides. If the stems are attached care should be taken during handling to avoid any cuts or bruises. Storage Cucumbers must be harvested with no After grading, most vegetables must attached stem when they reach a uniform be stored in cool dry place. Storing in large diameter throughout the fruit length, but before plastic containers with large holes for aeration any yellowing appears at the blossom end. Harvest strawberry fruits when they begin to turn red. Marketing Leafy vegetables must be harvested before they reach their full maturity. Select the Depending on the market requirement, correct stage of maturity for ornamental plants produce can be sold in small packing. They and fruits depending on the market can be suitably labelled. The packing must requirements. PVC pipes can be used as channels in these systems. Water Pumps The water pump must be made up of materials that are non-reactive with nutrient salt solution. Stainless steel shaft, polycarbonate or stainless steel impeller, pump- house and water seal must be there in the pump to be used in hydroponics. One does not require a pump with very high head for circulating the nutrient solution in hydroponics systems. Therefore, a domestic water pump with 0. A safety device is a must with the water pump as the nutrient solution more effectively conducts electricity compared to water. Therefore, a very sensitive trip switch must be used to disconnect electricity supply whenever the need arises. PVC pipes with thinner walls oxygen requirement is low. Therefore, the nutrient solution circulating time period can be will sag and thereby reduce the flow rate of nutrient solution. The result will be lack of limited. Limiting the circulating time periods oxygen supply for the plant roots. UV resistant can also reduce the electricity consumption. For this purpose a timer may be used to set pipelines are preferable. Painting these pipes white will prevent the increase of nutrient the circulating time manually or an oxygen solution temperature. The flow rate required concentration detection sensor may be included in the system, so the sensor can in hydroponics is very small ranging from 1 to 3 litres per minute. Therefore, an over-flow activate the pump whenever the oxygen pipe will have to be fitted to adjust the flow concentration of the nutrient solution level goes down. Blowers These devices help send airflow through the plants so that plants shake and pollens are distributed to facilitate pollination inside protected structures. Nurtimeter In addition to the Ec, this meter helps measure the nutrient contents of the solution. Figure A nutri-meter Download pdf.

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