Spreading Plague
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Spreading Plague
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Plague ecology in the United States. A downloadable version pdf icon [PDF – 1 page] is also available.
The bacteria that cause plague, Yersinia pestis , maintain their existence in a cycle involving rodents and their fleas. Plague occurs in rural and semi-rural areas of the western United States, primarily in semi-arid upland forests and grasslands where many types of rodent species can be involved. Many types of animals, such as rock squirrels, wood rats, ground squirrels, prairie dogs, chipmunks, mice, voles, and rabbits can be affected by plague. Wild carnivores can become infected by eating other infected animals.
Scientists think that plague bacteria circulate at low rates within populations of certain rodents without causing excessive rodent die-off. These infected animals and their fleas serve as long-term reservoirs for the bacteria. This is called the enzootic cycle.
Occasionally, other species become infected, causing an outbreak among animals, called an epizootic. Humans are usually more at risk during, or shortly after, a plague epizootic. Scientific studies have suggested that epizootics in the southwestern United States are more likely during cooler summers that follow wet winters. Epizootics are most likely in areas with multiple types of rodents living in high densities and in diverse habitats.
In parts of the developing world, plague can sometimes occur in urban areas with dense rat infestations. The last urban outbreak of rat-associated plague in the United States occurred in Los Angeles in 1924-1925.
The plague bacteria can be transmitted to humans in the following ways:
Flea bites. Plague bacteria are most often transmitted by the bite of an infected flea. During plague epizootics, many rodents die, causing hungry fleas to seek other sources of blood. People and animals that visit places where rodents have recently died from plague are at risk of being infected from flea bites. Dogs and cats may also bring plague-infected fleas into the home. Flea bite exposure may result in primary bubonic plague or septicemic plague.
Contact with contaminated fluid or tissue. Humans can become infected when handling tissue or body fluids of a plague-infected animal. For example, a hunter skinning a rabbit or other infected animal without using proper precautions could become infected with plague bacteria. This form of exposure most commonly results in bubonic plague or septicemic plague .
Infectious droplets. When a person has plague pneumonia, they may cough droplets containing the plague bacteria into air. If these bacteria-containing droplets are breathed in by another person they can cause pneumonic plague . Typically this requires direct and close contact with the person with pneumonic plague. Transmission of these droplets is the only way that plague can spread between people. This type of spread has not been documented in the United States since 1924, but still occurs with some frequency in developing countries. Cats are particularly susceptible to plague, and can be infected by eating infected rodents. Sick cats pose a risk of transmitting infectious plague droplets to their owners or to veterinarians. Several cases of human plague have occurred in the United States in recent decades as a result of contact with infected cats.
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Testimony of Jaime M. Yassif at U.S. House Hearing on “Biosecurity for the Future: Strengthening Deterrence and Detection”
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A Spreading Plague: Lessons and Recommendations for Responding to a Deliberate Biological Event
Program Officer, Global Biological Policy and Programs
Senior Policy Fellow, Center for Global Development, former Director of the USAID Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance
Associate Professor and Director of the Center for Global Health Science and Security
This NTI Paper, A Spreading Plague: Lessons and Recommendations for Responding to a Deliberate Biological Event , by Elizabeth Cameron (NTI), Rebecca Katz (Georgetown University’s Center for Global Health Science and Security), Jeremy Konyndyk (Center for Global Development), and Michelle Nalabandian (NTI) presents key findings and recommendations for urgent improvements to avoid catastrophic consequences of deliberate and other high-consequence biological events.
The risks of a global catastrophic biological event are growing, intensified by an increasingly interconnected world, terrorist and state interest in weapons of mass destruction, global political instability, and rapid advances in biotechnology. International leaders and organizations today are unprepared to react with the kind of effective, coordinated response needed to investigate and identify the pathogen, prevent the spread of disease, and, most importantly, save lives. Without the right procedures and tools in place, there’s little doubt that a rapidly spreading high-consequence biological event would place overwhelming stress on the people and institutions responsible for response. The lack of established procedures would very likely undermine the trust and cooperation needed between the health professionals, humanitarian responders, and security officials who would be aiming for a coordinated, effective international response.
To address this preparedness deficit, the Nuclear Threat Initiative, Georgetown University’s Center for Global Health Science and Security, and the Center for Global Development convened senior health, humanitarian, security, and political leaders to participate in a tabletop exercise designed to explore command, control, and coordination of an international response to an unusual and rapidly spreading biological event that began in the fictional country of “Vestia.” The dramatic exercise uncovered major gaps in international coordination, information sharing, and attribution between health and security officials. It sparked disagreements among leading experts over whether a permanent United Nations-based coordinator is needed to facilitate coordination among the various entities responsible for pandemic response. And it uncovered divisions over committing attention and resources to finding the perpetrators as a way to deter future attacks.
This report presents key findings from the tabletop exercise and offers recommendations from the event organizers, shaped around five emergent themes:
The report’s recommendations were informed by the discussion during the tabletop exercise but should not be attributed to the event participants.
Click here to learn more about the tabletop exercise.
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A new NTI | bio report released today on the sidelines of the Biological Weapons Convention Meeting of States Parties, “Strengthening Global Systems to Prevent and Respond to High-Consequence Biological Threats,” outlines actionable recommendations for the international community to bolster prevention and response capabilities for high-consequence biological events.
On April 21, 2022, immediately after G20 finance ministers and central bank governors reached consensus to establish a new Fund for preparedness at the World Bank, a group of leading experts and stakeholders from met to review progress and offer advice on next steps. This paper aims to inform next steps to structure, approve, and launch a new Fund, including the forthcoming consultative process led by the World Bank.
Testimony of Jaime M. Yassif, Ph.D. before the U.S. House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Asia, the Pacific, Central Asia, and Nonproliferation. Hearing on “Biosecurity for the Future: Strengthening Deterrence and Detection.” Wednesday, December 8, 2021.
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Foe Target: Hobbled , Weakened for 15.0 sec Foe Jump Targets (x5): Applies the same effect as Foe Target.
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Spreading Plague is a druid ability in Pillars of Eternity .
Infects the target with a virulent and debilitating disease, Hobbling and Weakening them before spreading to other enemies.
This article is about the ability in Pillars of Eternity. For the ability in Pillars of Eternity II: Deadfire, see Spreading Plague (Deadfire) .
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