Spreading Flames
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Spreading Flames
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^ "FAQ - What is flame spread and smoke developed, how does this relate to fireguard and class A?" . www.armstrong.com . Archived from the original on 2005-02-09.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-23 . Retrieved 2008-11-16 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link )
^ Jump up to: a b NFPA 255, Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, section D.8
^ Jump up to: a b NFPA 101, Life Safety Code, section A.10.2.4.1
^ National Fire Protection Association
Flame spread or surface burning characteristics rating [1] is a ranking derived by laboratory standard test methodology of a material's propensity to burn rapidly and spread flames . There are several standardized methods of determining flame spread,
NFPA 255 Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials , utilizes ASTM E84 Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials . This test method measures flame growth on the underside of a horizontal test specimen, using the Steiner tunnel test . The result is derivation of a Flame Spread Index ( FSI ), [2] which is a non-dimensional number which is placed on a relative scale in which asbestos-cement board has a value of 0, and red oak wood has 100. Evaluation of a FSI by this test method does not provide a good understanding of how fire would propagate in full scale, such as in a room, for some materials. [3] In particular, the results for materials that drip, such as thermoplastics, are not indicative of the fire hazard as installed on walls and ceilings because they tend to melt and drip away from the underside of the horizontal ceiling in the test chamber. [3] Because the test method measures how far down the test chamber the fire progressed, this type of "lack of fire progression" provides a misleading FSI. In order to address such restrictions, a new test method was derived, NFPA 286 Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Contribution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room Fire Growth .
NFPA 286 Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Contribution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room Fire Growth , measures flame spread in a room configuration, including fire spread along walls, ceilings, and combinations of both. This method is more indicative of real world fire hazards, and is preferred over NFPA 255, [4] but is more expensive. Also, test results for heat, smoke , and combustion product release from NFPA 286 are suitable for use as input into fire models for performance-based design, whereas results from NFPA 255 are not. [4] Flame spread rating number is not the rate at which the flame actually spreads along the surface and is not an indication of the fire resistance of the material.
UL 723 (ASTM E84) Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
ASTM E84 - 15a Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
UL 94 Standard for Tests for Flammability of Plastic Materials for Parts in Devices and Appliances
The Life Safety Code (NFPA 101) [5] and Section 803.1 of the International Building Code limit finishes for interior walls and ceilings to materials in three classes (A, B , or C, with A being the lowest flame spread and C being the highest) and gives greater restrictions for certain rooms:
In order to meet classification in any of the three categories, the smoke developed index cannot exceed 450.
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The Spreading Flame: The Rise and Progress of Christianity from Its First Beginnings to the Conversion of the English Paperback – April 20, 2004
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In this history of the early Christian Church, Professor Bruce divides the complex story into three sections. The first, The Dawn of Christianity, deals with the Church from its infancy to the fall of Jerusalem in A.D. 70. The second section, The Growing Day, continues the story up to the accession of Constantine in A.D. 313 and the Church's consequent official status. Light in the West, the final part, is about Christianity in Rome and its spread to the British Isles after the barbarian invasion. The picture that emerges is of the Church as an unquenchable spiritual force organized for tribulation, whose spiritual resources are never more unlimited than in times of seeming disaster. A wealth of quotations from Jewish and classical sources, combined with F.F. Bruce's straightforward style, make this book a valuable contribution to the study of the history of the Church.
Publisher
:
Wipf and Stock (April 20, 2004) Language
:
English Paperback
:
432 pages ISBN-10
:
1592446221 ISBN-13
:
978-1592446223 Item Weight
:
1.05 pounds Dimensions
:
5.5 x 0.98 x 8.5 inches
4.4 out of 5 stars
19 ratings
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And this one is one of the good ones. It was obviously cared for as it was received in great shape. I am enjoying the reading it and will search for more by the same author. The vendor from I bought this book from took great strides to see that it arrived ion time. Well done Amazon and Wonder Books and Videos. We shall be doing business again.
F.F. Bruce was a world-renowned author and editor. I have NEVER read a book of his that I didn't like. He was more New Testament, H.L. Ellison of the same Plymouth Brethren denomination was more Old Testament, oriented in their publications, although Bruce did some O.T. also. This book is a true inspiration for small group Bible study and / or worship in that style , if nothing else. It perhaps is the progenitor of his later New Testament History which is more hum-drum academically based, whereas this has a more personal tone to it. His New International NIV commentary on Acts in English has some of the same kind of material in it. The other books of his which I particularly cherish fondly are Isral & the Nations , NIV English commentary on Hebrews , and The Message of the New Testament -- which the latter is short but neat and revealing.
With so many churches aspiring to become an "Acts church" I recently became intrigued by early church history and I heard this book would be a superb read from a reliable source. I will begin reading after the 4th.
I absolutely love this book. Unfortunately it is out-of-print. Dr. Bruce guides you through the early history of the Church using Acts as his backdrop. If you want to get a real feel for the evangelistic fervor of the Apostles and the early Christians you NEED to read this tome.
As a student of early Christian history, I was thoroughly satisfied by Bruce's treatment of how the early Christian church evolved. He supplies the needed cultural and historical knowledge of the times which formed the seedbed for church practices today. Well worth the price and a "must have" sourcebook.
Great book that arrived fast and well packaged. Thanks.
5.0 out of 5 stars
Item arrived in good condition in good time
Very happy with transaction and product.
Every Christian should read this book
Just what I needed to learn more about the early church
Had to throw book away. A very strong musty smell
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F. F. Bruce (1910-1990) was Rylands Professor of Biblical Criticism and Exegesis at the University of Manchester in England. During his distinguished career, he wrote more than forty bestselling commentaries and books, including several titles published by InterVarsity Press, A Mind for What Matters and Paul, Apostle of the Heart Set Free. He also served as general editor of The New International Commentary on the New Testament.
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Spreading Flames is an effect caused by Savant Ehrin in Bloodstone Fen that inflicts 6 Burning for 5 seconds. Using Counter Magic will remove the effect and any burning, and grant Fire Shield .
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Preview — Spreading Flame
by F.F. Bruce
In this history of the early Christian Church, Professor Bruce divides the complex story into three sections. The first, The Dawn of Christianity, deals with the Church from its infancy to the fall of Jerusalem in A.D. 70. The second section, The Growing Day, continues the story up to the accession of Constantine in A.D. 313 and the Church's consequent official status. Lig
In this history of the early Christian Church, Professor Bruce divides the complex story into three sections. The first, The Dawn of Christianity, deals with the Church from its infancy to the fall of Jerusalem in A.D. 70. The second section, The Growing Day, continues the story up to the accession of Constantine in A.D. 313 and the Church's consequent official status. Light in the West, the final part, is about Christianity in Rome and its spread to the British Isles after the barbarian invasion. The picture that emerges is of the Church as an unquenchable spiritual force organized for tribulation, whose spiritual resources are never more unlimited than in times of seeming disaster. A wealth of quotations from Jewish and classical sources, combined with F.F. Bruce's straightforward style, make this book a valuable contribution to the study of the history of the Church.
...more
Published
April 20th 2004
by Wipf & Stock Publishers
(first published 1953)
The Spreading Flame: The Rise and Progress of Christianity from Its First Beginnings to the Conversion of the English
1592446221
(ISBN13: 9781592446223 )
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May 27, 2015
Mitch Teemley
rated it
really liked it
I first read this as a young believer many years ago, and must say I enjoyed it much more the second time around. Bruce's merit is not in "bringing history to life!" but in presenting it with solid, well-reasoned, richly researched facts. You know you can trust him--and the world-changing event he writes about--and you're grateful for that. Well done, sir!
I first read this as a young believer many years ago, and must say I enjoyed it much more the second time around. Bruce's merit is not in "bringing history to life!" but in presenting it with solid, well-reasoned, richly researched facts. You know you can trust him--and the world-changing event he writes about--and you're grateful for that. Well done, sir!
...more
Nov 12, 2010
Don Bemis
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really liked it
An interesting, well written history of the Church up to its establishment in Britain.
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