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Spread spectrum is a technique used for transmitting radio or telecommunications signals. The term refers to the practice of spreading the transmitted signal to occupy the frequency spectrum available for transmission.
The advantages of spectrum spreading include noise reduction, security and resistance to jamming and interception.
One way in which spread spectrum is implemented is through frequency hopping, a technique in which a signal is transmitted in short bursts, "hopping" between frequencies in a pseudo-random sequence. Both the transmitting device and the receiving device must be aware of the frequency sequence.
Frequency hopping was used by the German military as early as World War I in an attempt to prevent the British from listening in on transmissions. Spread spectrum technology saw further development and deployment during World War II.
Probably the most famous developer of spread spectrum technology was the actress Hedy Lamarr, who co-patented a frequency hopping technique in 1942 to prevent radio-controlled torpedoes from being detected and jammed.
Today, spread spectrum is an important component of code division multiple access (CDMA) technology, which used in cellular telecommunications. In CDMA, a pseudo-random spreading code is used to spread the signal within the available bandwidth.
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The trusted news source for power-conscious design engineers
powerelectronicsnews.com
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The can't-miss forum engineers and hobbyists
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By
Prabakar Prabakaran, N.L. Poly Technic College
05.06.2003
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RELATED TOPICS:
4G , CELLULAR , NETWORKING , WIRELESS LAN
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Maurizio Di Paolo Emilio 08.30.2022
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Spread spectrum technology has blossomed from a military technology into one of the fundamental building blocks in current and next-generation wireless systems. From cellular to cordless to wireless LAN (WLAN) systems, spectrum is a vital component in the system design process.
Since spread-spectrum is such an integral ingredient, it’s vital for designers to have an understanding of how this technology. In this tutorial, we’ll take on that task, addressing the basic operating characteristics of a spread-spectrum system. We’ll also examine the key differentiators between frequency-hop (FHSS) and direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) implementations.
Spread spectrum uses wideband, noise-like signals that are hard to detect, intercept, or demodulate. Additionally, spread-spectrum signals are harder to jam (interfere with) than narrow band signals. These low probability of intercept (LPI) and anti-jam (AJ) features are why the military has used spread spectrum for so many years. Spread-spectrum signals are intentionally made to be a much wider band than the information they are carrying to make them more noise-like.
Spread-spectrum transmitters use similar transmit power levels to narrowband transmitters. Because spread-spectrum signals are so wide, they transmit at a much lower spectral power density, measured in watts per hertz, than narrow band transmitters. This lower transmitted power density characteristic gives spread-spectrum signals a big plus. Spread-spectrum and narrowband signals can occupy the same band, with little or no interference. This capability is the main reason for all the interest in spread spectrum today.
The use of special pseudo noise (PN) codes in spread-spectrum communications makes signals appear wide band and noise-like. It is this very characteristic that makes spread-spectrum signals possess a low LPI. Spread-spectrum signals are hard to detect on narrow band equipment because the signal’s energy is spread over a bandwidth of maybe 100 times the information bandwidth (Figure 1) .
Since the total integrated signal density or signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the correlator’s input determines whether there will be interference or not. All spread spectrum systems have a threshold or tolerance level of interference beyond which useful communication ceases. This tolerance or threshold is related to the spread-spectrum processing gain, which is essentially the ratio of the RF bandwidth to the information bandwidth.
Direct sequence and frequency hopping are the most commonly used methods for the spread spectrum technology. Although the basic idea is the same, these two methods have many distinctive characteristics that result in complete different radio performances.
The carrier of the direct-sequence radio stays at a fixed frequency. Narrowband information is spread out into a much larger (at least 10 times) bandwidth by using a pseudo-random chip sequence. The generation of the direct sequence spread spectrum signal (spreading) is shown in Figure 2 .
At the receiving end of a direct-sequence system, the spread spectrum signal is de-spread to generate the original narrowband signal. Figure 3 shows the de-spreading process.
Frequency-hopping systems achieve the same results provided by direct-sequence systems by using different carrier frequency at different t
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