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Navigate this section Navigate this section... Pediatrics at HSS Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery Pediatric Rheumatology Pediatric Rehabilitation Pediatric Perioperative Medicine Pediatric Anesthesia and Pain Management Pediatric Radiology and Imaging Pediatric Social Work / Case Management Services Child Life Program Adaptive Sports Academy Your Pediatric Visit

Pediatrics at HSS

Pediatrics at HSS

Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery

Pediatric Rheumatology

Pediatric Rehabilitation

Pediatric Perioperative Medicine

Pediatric Anesthesia and Pain Management

Pediatric Radiology and Imaging

Pediatric Social Work / Case Management Services

Child Life Program

Adaptive Sports Academy

Your Pediatric Visit

Navigate this section Navigate this section... Pediatrics at HSS Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery Pediatric Rheumatology Pediatric Rehabilitation Pediatric Perioperative Medicine Pediatric Anesthesia and Pain Management Pediatric Radiology and Imaging Pediatric Social Work / Case Management Services Child Life Program Adaptive Sports Academy Your Pediatric Visit

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Leg Problems in Children | HSS Lerner Children's Pavilion
https://www.hss.edu/pediatrics-common-leg-problems-children.asp
Have you ever been concerned about a young child who appears to have knock knees or bowlegs ? It turns out that a lot of little kids’ legs aren’t perfectly straight, and most of the time it’s a normal part of their growth and development. Dr. John Blanco , a pediatric orthopedic surgeon at Hospital for Special Surgery, says the alignment of most kids’ legs straightens out by the time they’re seven years old.
“In young children, it’s generally nothing to worry about,” he explains. “Babies are born with a bowlegged appearance, but by the time they’re 18 months old, their legs become straight. Then as they grow, from age 18 months to three or four years old, most kids’ legs have a knock-kneed appearance, and that’s normal as well.”
It’s also not uncommon for kids to appear bowlegged when they start walking, and their legs usually look this way until around age two. Children don’t develop normal leg alignment until they’re five to seven years old. Even then, many kids’ legs aren’t perfectly straight and some variation is normal.
Some children appear to be pigeon-toed, a condition referred to as “in-toeing.” This is caused by too much turning in of the hips or the shin bones. “Out-toeing,” in which the feet turn outward, is much less common. Parents are often concerned, but are reassured to learn that most children will outgrow this by age six or eight, and it rarely requires treatment. We encourage the family to be patient and let Mother Nature take its course. Surgery for in-toeing or out-toeing is rare and reserved only for very severe cases that affects activities of daily living.
Parents often wonder if they should see a specialist. Pediatric orthopedic surgeons are specialists in childhood bone growth and development. “We see a lot of kids in the range of normal, and many parents just need reassurance. A family should never feel bad about bringing their child to a specialist for a second opinion.”
Although poor leg alignment often resolves spontaneously, in some cases, treatment is needed. Sometimes a pediatric orthopedic surgeon will see a child for follow-up visits over several months to see how growth is progressing. The doctor may order X-rays and blood tests to make sure an underlying medical condition isn’t affecting bone growth. In the event there is a problem, the sooner it’s diagnosed and treated, the better.
When should parents see a specialist? “We’re concerned when a young child has a severe bowleg deformity that seems to be getting worse and worse by age two. As for knock knees, if a child’s legs still appear this way at age nine, they may not be following normal bone growth patterns and treatment may be recommended.” Dr. Blanco says. Parents are also advised to see a doctor if a child is limping or experiencing leg pain.
Fortunately, very good minimally invasive treatments for mild to moderate knock knee or bowleg deformities can correct the problem, Dr. Blanco says. “The trick is to bring the child in early when there’s still time to do a minimally invasive technique. If a child with severe bowlegs is older than five or six, for example, it often isn’t possible to treat with bracing or a minimally invasive technique and a bigger surgery will be needed.”
Treatment is not only important to improve the appearance of a child’s legs, it also enables the youngster to avoid problems later on. “Poor leg alignment puts significant stress on a joint, causing the cartilage to wear out,” Dr. Blanco explains. “By the time someone is in their 30s or 40s, they may have pretty bad knee arthritis. Imagine if the front end of your car were out of alignment and your tires wear unevenly. The same thing happens to your knee joints.”
If a child does have a problem with leg alignment, an early diagnosis increases the chances that bracing or a minimally invasive technique will correct the condition without the need for major surgery. For children who are bowlegged, bracing can usually correct the problem in 6 to 9 months.
Sometimes surgery is needed for knock knees or bowlegs, and the minimally invasive technique has revolutionized the correction of these deformities. The procedure, performed on an outpatient basis, entails placing a tiny one-inch square titanium plate on one side of the child’s growth plate. This is an area of smooth cartilage at the end of the body’s long bones where growth occurs. Within a few weeks, the youngster is back to normal activity, and his or her legs become straight within a year to a year and a half. At that point, we then remove the plate.
If the deformity is severe or the child is too old for bracing or a minimally invasive procedure, major surgery may be needed in which we straighten the bone. After a short hospital stay, the child uses crutches for a while, and recovery generally takes two to three months.
Although not as common as bowlegs or knock knees, a leg length discrepancy is another condition that pediatric orthopedic surgeons treat. A slight variation in leg length isn’t rare and usually doesn’t cause problems. When the difference starts approaching an inch or more and one leg is visibly shorter than the other, it can be hard on a child. It can affect balance and the way a youngster walks. It may eventually lead to pain in his lower back, knees, or hips.
The difference can be a couple of inches, or even more, causing a noticeable limp if the child doesn’t wear a shoe lift. The good news is that pediatric orthopedic surgeons have a variety of treatments to lengthen the shorter leg, or shorten the longer leg.
The goal of any treatment is to attain equal leg length when the child is finished growing. “I always tell parents, it’s not the difference at age three that’s most important. I care about what the difference will be when the child becomes a teenager and finishes growing,” Dr. Blanco explains. A pediatric orthopedic surgeon has the specialized training and expertise to predict what the leg length discrepancy will be when the child’s growth is complete. That information is vital to develop an appropriate treatment plan.
A youngster can be born with a leg length inequality, or it can result from an infection, early onset arthritis, or injury. Sometimes a fracture that’s improperly treated can cause one leg to be shorter than the other, especially if the child’s growth plate is involved. Sometimes a fracture that’s treated perfectly can cause overgrowth of the injured limb. The growth plate is an area of smooth cartilage at the end of the body’s long bones, and this is where growth occurs.
When a youngster has one leg that’s shorter than the other, a number of treatment limb lengthening options are available. The latest advance is a magnetic lengthening rod that is implanted into the shorter bone. An external magnet is placed on the child’s leg several times a day to lengthen the rod a tiny bit at a time. This enables the bone to get longer and longer, until the short leg catches up to the longer leg and they are both the same length.
“Being able to address orthopedic issues affecting kids is rewarding,” Dr. Blanco says. “Successful treatment of a leg length difference or other bone deformity makes a really big impact in their lives. It changes the way they think of themselves, their self-confidence, their ability to play sports, even the way they’ll function over the next 40 or 50 years. It’s pretty amazing.”
Childhood fractures are fairly common. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential.
Pediatric orthopedic surgeons are the best doctors to treat a childhood fracture. “Just like you wouldn’t bring a child with an ear infection to an adult internal medicine doctor, you shouldn’t bring a child with a fracture to the orthopedic surgeon who performed his grandmother’s hip replacement. Our treatment of childrens’ fractures is much different from the way adult fractures are treated.”
Dr. Blanco says prompt treatment of a child’s fracture is essential because there’s only a narrow window of time to make sure the bone is in the best position to heal correctly. “The biggest problem we see is a child who was brought to an adult orthopedic surgeon who may or may not understand the nuances of how a child’s fracture needs to be treated. That delay in treatment potentially can lead to poor results.”
It’s important to consult a specialist in pediatric orthopedics. Our treatment of a child’s fracture is much different from the way adult fractures are handled. A leg fracture in a youngster that’s improperly treated, for example, could cause one leg to be shorter than the other, especially if the growth plate is involved.
The good news is that with prompt and appropriate treatment, most childhood fractures heal well without complications.

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More stories to check out before you go
You’ve seen it: A child with their legs splayed to either side of them merrily playing on the floor. But can this cute position — known as W-sitting — actually be bad for them?
This stability-enhancing position — the legs provide a stable base for the rest of the body — isn’t uncommon among children. As Dr. Ryan Curda, a San Diego-based chiropractor with Personalized Chiropractic, explains, “W-sitting is when a child sits with both legs significantly internally rotated and flattens their legs against the floor.”
In other words, it’s sitting with the legs arranged like a “W.”
But is it a sign something could be wrong with your toddler? That’s a question that’s been discussed among parents and physicians… and the answer is nothing short of murky.
As children develop from newborn to baby to toddler, their bodies change substantially. They develop muscles, coordination and more. Some experts say W-sitting is just a part of development that works itself out as the child ages into an adult.
Dr. Donna Pacicca, an attending surgeon at Children’s Mercy Hospital in the division of Orthopaedic Surgery, section of Sports Medicine, and also associate professor of Orthopaedic Surgery at UMKC School of Medicine and adjunct professor of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences at UMKC School of Dentistry, is one of them. According to Pacicca, W-sitting is part of a normal condition known as anteversion.
“Everyone starts out in anteversion, and it gradually improves over time in most (probably due to in utero position, same thing that causes everyone to start out bowlegged),” explains Pacicca. “For the otherwise healthy and uninjured child, increased femoral anteversion means it’s more comfortable to sit without stretching out the hip capsule (W-sit vs. criss-cross).”
For some, there’s more anteversion than for others, causing things like “toe-in” walking, Pacicca says. “This doesn’t appear to cause problems later on, but there is controversy, especially for people with problems like recurrent patellar dislocation [a twisting in of the knee cap], about whether or not to correct rotational or angular malalignment,” she notes. “As far as in-toeing goes, again there is normal variation. It doesn’t appear to cause issues with hips/knees as an adult per our current literature.”
But can there be problems? Possibly… and it all has to do with the individual child and their development. In recent years, much has been written about the dangers of W-sitting to developing bodies.
Curda says the position limits the need for a toddler to develop trunk stability while they focus on other things. That stability is necessary for developing balance and coordination, which is why the position can be linked to developmental delays.
“Unfortunately, this leads to further trunk instability and delays the development of proper balance, cross body movements, and even playing across the midline on table-top activities,” says Curda.
That’s not all; a child’s developing hips can be impacted too. “Although I’m not aware of a long-term study showing the negative effects of W-sitting, I believe it would be reasonable to think that a decrease in trunk stability whether caused by W-sitting or other means would eventually lead to further health concerns,” the chiropractor warns. That list of concerns includes everything from chronic or acute lower back pain to joint dysfunction of the hips and knees, improper muscle length and neurological firing of the back, pelvic and leg muscles.
According to Jean W. Solomon and Jane Clifford O’Brien, authors of the book “ Pediatric Skills for Occupational Therapy Assistants
,” in children older than o
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