Spitting Cobra

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

^ Young, B. A.; Dunlap, K.; Koenig, K.; Singer, M. (September 2004). "The buccal buckle: The functional morphology of venom spitting in cobras" . Journal of Experimental Biology . 207 (20): 3483–3494. doi : 10.1242/jeb.01170 . PMID 15339944 .

^ Berthé, Ruben Andres. Spitting behaviour and fang morphology of spitting cobras. Doctoral thesis, Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, April 2011.

^ Rasmussen, Sara; Young, B.; Krimm, Heather (September 1995). "On the 'spitting' behaviour in cobras (Serpentes: Elapidae)". Journal of Zoology . 237 (1): 27–35. doi : 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1995.tb02743.x .

^ Kazandjian, T. D.; Petras, D.; Robinson, S. D.; van Thiel, J.; Greene, H. W.; Arbuckle, K.; Barlow, A.; Carter, D. A.; Wouters, R. M.; Whiteley, G.; Wagstaff, S. C.; Arias, A. S.; Albulescu, L.-O.; Plettenberg Laing, A.; Hall, C.; Heap, A.; Penrhyn-Lowe, S.; McCabe, C. V.; Ainsworth, S.; da Silva, R. R.; Dorrestein, P. C.; Richardson, M. K.; Gutiérrez, J. M.; Calvete, J. J.; Harrison, R. A.; Vetter, I.; Undheim, E. A. B.; Wüster, W.; Casewell, N. R. (2021). "Convergent evolution of pain-inducing defensive venom components in spitting cobras" (PDF) . Science . 371 (6527): 386–390. doi : 10.1126/science.abb9303 . ISSN 0036-8075 .

^ Wüster, Wolfgang; Thorpe, Roger S. (December 1992). "Dentitional phenomena in cobras revisited: Spitting and fang structure in the Asiatic species of Naja (Serpentes: Elapidae)" (PDF) . Herpetologica . 48 (4): 424–434. JSTOR 3892862 .


A spitting cobra is any of several species of cobras that can defensively project venom from their fangs into the eyes of an attacker.

The spat venom is generally harmless on intact mammalian skin (although contact can result in delayed blistering of the area), but can cause permanent blindness if introduced to the eye; if left untreated it may cause chemosis and corneal swelling.

The venom sprays out in distinctive geometric patterns when muscles squeeze the glands to squirt it out through forward-facing holes near the tips of the fangs. [1] Individuals of some species of spitting cobras make hissing exhalations/lunging movements of their heads when "spitting" from the tongue, and it has been argued that such actions assist in propelling the venom, but research does not support the hypothesis that they play any major functional part except possibly enhancing the threatening effect of the behaviour. [2] [3] When cornered, some species "spit" their venom as far as 2 m (6.6 ft). While spitting typically is their primary form of defense, all spitting cobras also can deliver venom by biting.

Most spitting cobras' venoms are significantly cytotoxic , apart from the neurotoxic and cardiotoxic effects typical of other cobra species. The ability to spit venom evolved in cobras three times independently through convergent evolution . In each of these three cases the venom convergently evolved to be more effective at creating pain in mammals to serve as a better deterrent. [4]

Some of the Viperidae have been reported to spit occasionally. [5]

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