Sperm Queen

Sperm Queen
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The honey bee mating system is not just respectfully elaborate, it’s unbelievably dramatic.
I spend most of my day thinking about sperm. Ah, the life of a scientist: The profession authorizes us to deeply muse topics which would otherwise be quirky, fringe, or inappropriate. Scientists are just highly educated weirdos, really. And this freedom lets us unearth new chapters to stories we thought we knew by heart. I thought I understood how honey bee sex worked, but I was very, very wrong.
Just over a year ago, I started a postdoctoral fellowship with Dr. Jeff Pettis and Dr. David Tarpy, where I switched from studying social immunity to queen quality and reproductive health. Going into it, I knew that queens mated with around twelve to fifteen different drones, on average. I knew that queens stored millions of sperm in their spermathecae for the rest of their lives. And I knew that mating is a suicidal act for the poor drones, whose reputation is often diminished to nothing more than flying sperm vectors. What I didn’t know is that although the drone’s life may end when he mates, his influence is far from over.
Somewhat deviously, the drone’s seminal fluid manipulates queens to halt their promiscuous mating habits by making them go partially blind. Molecules in the semen somehow control important genes for eyesight in the queen’s brain, so they can’t see well enough to engage in more mating flights. Meanwhile, the queen’s reproductive tract is a war zone, with the sperm from different drones engaging in molecular warfare to incapacitate each other before they get stored. Bee sex is so much more dramatic than I ever imagined.
Dr. Joanito Liberti, a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Lausanne, Switzerland, and his coauthors discovered this unusual relationship between queens receiving semen and losing some parts of their eyesight. But they weren’t the first researchers to be curious about this topic. Others have found that mating induces dramatic structural rearrangements in the queen’s brain, which are accompanied by changes in neurotransmitters and gene expression. 1-3 Liberti and his colleagues, though, are the first to show that receiving seminal fluid alone is sufficient to initiate changes in the brain, and that eyesight is one of the major biological processes that’s targeted.
In a paper recently published in “eLife,” 4 Liberti describes how they used a technique called “electroretinography” to measure the nerve activity, induced by flashing light, in queens’ compound eyes and ocelli (three simple light-receptors on the forehead) after inseminating them with seminal fluid, semen, or saline. They found that queens receiving seminal fluid or semen had lower retinal nerve activity and were worse at finding their way home than queens receiving saline (if they continued to engage in subsequent mating flights). Presumably, their impaired vision caused them to get lost along the way, or possibly fail to find the drone congregation areas in the first place. Using a genetic technique called RNA-seq, they showed that receiving seminal fluid was sufficient to alter expression of genes related to photoreception in the queen’s brain.
Liberti says that discovering that vision-related genes were specifically affected by seminal fluid is the most fascinating aspect of the study. “It imposes a cost on queens during their subsequent mating flights by altering their visual perception,” he says. While additional mating flights increase the cumulative genetic diversity of sperm the queen stores, those flights are also dangerous. Risks from predators like birds or dragonflies, a turn in weather, or the added energy expenditure counterbalance the benefits of increased diversity. “The average number of flights that queens typically embark on is a balanced compromise between these costs and benefits,” Liberti says. “By increasing the total costs of flying via their manipulation of queen visual perception, males are shifting the balance towards even fewer flights for the queen.”
The idea that insemination could impair a queen’s eyesight sounds a little far-fetched, and Liberti admits that exactly how the seminal fluid achieves this is unclear. But this finding begins to explain the mechanism behind a phenomenon that many of us are familiar with: that virgin queens are phototactic (attracted to light), and mated queens prefer the dark. But how could this improbable phenomenon have evolved?
The more mating flights (and mates) a queen has, the smaller an individual drone’s genetic contribution to his future colony, and the lower the chance that his genes will end up in subsequent queens. Dawkins’ “The Selfish Gene” taught us that natural selection favours outcomes that propagate an individual’s genetic material, so it makes sense that drones have evolved selfish mechanisms of manipulating queens to have fewer mates than they might otherwise prefer. Early on in their evolution, drones that happened to have the right seminal fluid recipe to manipulate queens to have fewer mates would, as a consequence, contribute proportionally more genes to their ensuing colonies, and be more likely to pass those genes on to future queens. These queens in turn pass them on to future drones, and so, the frequency of this phenomenon rises in the population over time to become widespread as it is today.
But if having fewer rivals gives drones a better chance of passing on their genes, why don’t honey bees regress back to the monogamous methods of their ancestors? Because genetic diversity is a very good thing. Genetically diverse colonies are more successful, more adaptable, and more resilient. And after all, aside from emergencies and supersedures, a drone can only pass on his genes if the colony is successful enough to produce drones or swarm (or both). Despite being selfish, it’s actually in his best interest to allow some rival mates to persist. But queen manipulation isn’t the only way that drones can compete for genetic real estate after death.
The process of sperm storage takes days after mating, and in the meantime, sperm from several rival mating partners coexists in the queen’s reproductive tract (first in the oviducts, then moving to the spermatheca). But it is not a benevolent coexistence: Seminal fluid actually contains molecular weapons that selectively incapacitate rival sperm.
Dr. Susanne den Boer, from the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, showed that adding secretions from accessory glands (which produce the proteins for seminal fluid) to a sperm solution killed the sperm if the secretion was from a rival male, but not when the secretion came from the male’s own glands. 5 Furthermore, this was only true for….
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I’m A Size Queen & I Won’t Apologize For Liking Big Penises

Bold(e) Women

By Ossiana Tepfenhart

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One of the most common phrases that girls say to guys when they’re sleeping with them is “size doesn’t matter.” Unfortunately, for some of us, size does matter — a lot. Girls who are known for preferring more well-endowed men are called size queens, and I happen to be one of them. Here’s what you should know about us:
We’re rarer than you think. Contrary to popular belief, most girls who hear the sizes I prefer don’t nod in agreement. In fact, most wince and ask how I can walk afterwards. I can count on one hand the number of girls who’ve told me that they prefer men to be the size I like them to be.
“Size queen” is in the eye of the beholder. Most women would agree that a 6 to 7 inch penis is a pretty big deal. Some might consider those girls to be size queens, but I typically prefer them to be 9 inches or longer, so I wouldn’t consider that to be the case.
Girth matters as much, if not more, than length (but that’s true for most women). A girthy guy can hit all the right spots, even if he isn’t the longest one out there. If given the option between a guy who’s thicker and a guy who’s longer, I’ll most likely choose Mr. Thick as a result.
It can definitely be a fetish. For me, it’s a fetish . I actually enjoy a bit of pain during sex and, well, going with a guy who’s very large makes it easy to get that element into bed. I also get turned on by the way a large member looks. So yeah, it’s a fetish for me.
Guys tend to flip out about it when they find out. It never ceases to shock me. Even the most rational, normal guy can go a bit nuts with their insecurity when they hear that I openly prefer big penises. I’ve had guys almost immediately get angry and start slut-shaming me. I’ve had guys basically beg me to tell them that they’re big enough. Some just flat-out begin overcompensating with a machismo overdose. Either way, it’s really telling about how much guys care about their size.
That being said, most size queens aren’t opposed to dating average sized men. It’s a preference, but not a necessity, for most of us. I’ve even dated a couple of guys who were below average, primarily because of the fact that they were nice and had great foreplay skills.
There are anatomical reasons why girls might like larger guys. Bigger guys have an easier time hitting a woman’s G-spot and also can hit a woman’s cervix easier. Most women don’t like having their cervixes hit because it usually hurts… but I do.
It’s not necessarily a promiscuity thing. A common myth is that only promiscuous women are size queens, and this isn’t true. I’ve met size queens who only found out that they preferred bigger members because of their experimentation with sex toys. (Either way, even if a woman is promiscuous , why does this matter?)
There’s a limit to how big a guy can be and still keep a size queen happy. Bigger isn’t always better, and I found that out the hard way. I once had a guy who was roughly the size of my forearm… in both size and girth. After about two minutes, we literally had to stop having sex because I was crying in pain. I realized that I had a preference for guys who only fit a small window of sizes after that incident.
I’m not going to apologize for it anymore. I’ve dealt with a lot of slut-shaming as a result of admitting I like bigger men. I’m not going to apologize for my preferences. Guys don’t apologize for liking big tits, why should I apologize because I don’t want to date Mr. Weenie Weenie Cotton Teenie ?
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Ossiana Tepfenhart
Ossiana Tepfenhart works as an editor to FunNewJersey's magazine , and has been working with a massive series of lifestyle sites including Woman Around Town and Guff.com

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