Sperm Motility
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Sperm Motility
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell
^ Quill, A. T., Garbers, L. D. (2002). "Sperm Motility Activation and Chemoattraction". In Daniel M. Hardy (ed.). Fertilization . California: Academic press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-12-311629-1 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
^ Jensen, Martin Blomberg (March 2014). "Vitamin D and male reproduction". Nature Reviews Endocrinology . 10 (3): 175–186. doi : 10.1038/nrendo.2013.262 . PMID 24419359 . S2CID 32394600 .
^ Darszon, Alberto; Labarca, Pedro; Nishigaki, Takuya; Espinosa, Felipe (1 April 1999). "Ion Channels in Sperm Physiology". Physiological Reviews . 79 (2): 481–510. doi : 10.1152/physrev.1999.79.2.481 . PMID 10221988 .
^ Avidor-Reiss, Tomer; Carr, Alexa; Fishman, Emily Lillian (December 2020). "The sperm centrioles" . Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology . 518 : 110987. doi : 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110987 . PMC 7606549 . PMID 32810575 .
^ Jump up to: a b Fishman, Emily L.; Jo, Kyoung; Nguyen, Quynh P. H.; Kong, Dong; Royfman, Rachel; Cekic, Anthony R.; Khanal, Sushil; Miller, Ann L.; Simerly, Calvin; Schatten, Gerald; Loncarek, Jadranka; Mennella, Vito; Avidor-Reiss, Tomer (December 2018). "A novel atypical sperm centriole is functional during human fertilization" . Nature Communications . 9 (1): 2210. Bibcode : 2018NatCo...9.2210F . doi : 10.1038/s41467-018-04678-8 . PMC 5992222 . PMID 29880810 .
^ Mortimer, D; Aitken, Rj; Mortimer, St; Pacey, Aa (1995). "Workshop report: clinical CASA--the quest for consensus". Reproduction, Fertility and Development . 7 (4): 951–959. doi : 10.1071/RD9950951 . PMID 8711226 .
^ Yanagimachi, R. (1994). "Mammalian fertilization". In Knobil, E.; Neill, J. D. (eds.). The Physiology of Reproduction . New York: Raven Press. pp. 189–317. [ ISBN missing ]
^ Sun, Xiang-hong; Zhu, Ying-ying; Wang, Lin; Liu, Hong-ling; Ling, Yong; Li, Zong-li; Sun, Li-bo (December 2017). "The Catsper channel and its roles in male fertility: a systematic review" . Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology . 15 (1): 65. doi : 10.1186/s12958-017-0281-2 . PMC 5558725 . PMID 28810916 .
^ Simon, Luke; Lutton, Deborah; McManus, Joanne; Lewis, Sheena E.M. (February 2011). "Sperm DNA damage measured by the alkaline Comet assay as an independent predictor of male infertility and in vitro fertilization success". Fertility and Sterility . 95 (2): 652–657. doi : 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.08.019 . PMID 20864101 .
^ Belloc, Stephanie; Benkhalifa, Moncef; Cohen-Bacrie, Martine; Dalleac, Alain; Chahine, Hikmat; Amar, Edouard; Zini, Armand (May 2014). "Which isolated sperm abnormality is most related to sperm DNA damage in men presenting for infertility evaluation" . Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics . 31 (5): 527–532. doi : 10.1007/s10815-014-0194-3 . PMC 4016368 . PMID 24566945 .
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Sperm motility describes the ability of sperm to move properly through the female reproductive tract ( internal fertilization ) or through water ( external fertilization ) to reach the egg . Sperm motility can also be thought of as the quality , which is a factor in successful conception ; sperm that do not "swim" properly will not reach the egg in order to fertilize it. Sperm motility in mammals also facilitates the passage of the sperm through the cumulus oophorus (a layer of cells) and the zona pellucida (a layer of extracellular matrix ), which surround the mammalian oocyte .
In the wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus , sperms aggregate in 'trains' that are better able to fertilize eggs because they are more capable of navigating the viscous environment of the female reproductive tract. The trains move in a sinusoidal motion.
Sperm motility is also affected by certain factors released by eggs. [1]
Sperm movement is activated by changes in intracellular ion concentration. [2] The changes in ion concentration that provoke motility are different among species. In marine invertebrates and sea urchins , the rise in pH to about 7.2–7.6 activates ATPase which leads to a decrease in intracellular potassium, and thus induces membrane hyperpolarization . As a result, sperm movement is activated. [3] The change in cell volume which alters intracellular ion concentration can also contribute to the activation of sperm motility. In some mammals , sperm motility is activated by increase in pH, calcium ion and cAMP , yet it is suppressed by low pH in the epididymis .
The tail of the sperm - the flagellum - confers motility upon the sperm, and has three principal components:
Back and forth movement of the tail results from a rhythmical longitudinal sliding motion between the anterior and posterior tubules that make up the axoneme. The energy for this process is supplied by ATP produced by mitochondria. The velocity of a sperm in fluid medium is usually 1–4 mm/min. This allows the sperm to move towards an ovum in order to fertilize it.
The axoneme is attached at its base to a centriole known as the distal centriole and acts as a basal body . [4] In most animals, this distal centriole act as a shock absorber preventing the microtubules filaments from moving at the axoneme base. In contrast, in mammals, the distal centriole evolved an atypical structure, known as the atypical distal centriole. [5] The atypical centriole is made of splayed microtubules organized into left and right sides. During sperm movement, the two sides move relative to each other, helping to shape the waveform of the sperm tail. [5]
In mammals, spermatozoa mature functionally through a process which is known as capacitation . When spermatozoa reach the isthmic oviduct , their motility has been reported to be reduced as they attach to epithelium. Near the time of ovulation, hyperactivation occurs. During this process, the flagella move with high curvature and long wavelength. [6] Hyperactivation is initiated by extracellular calcium; however, the factors that regulate calcium level is unknown. [7]
Without technological intervention, a non-motile or abnormally-motile sperm is not going to fertilize. Therefore, the fraction of a sperm population that is motile is widely used as a measure of semen quality . Insufficient sperm motility is a common cause of subfertility or infertility . Several measures are available to improve sperm quality.
Sperm motility is dependent on several metabolic pathways and regulatory mechanisms.
The axonemal bend movement is based on the active sliding of axonemal doublet microtubules by the molecular motor dynein, which is divided into an outer and an inner arm. Outer and inner arm plays different roles in the production and regulation of flagellar motility: the outer arm increase the beat frequency, the inner arm is involved in the propulsion and propagation of flagellar bending. The bending of the flagellum is due to subsequent cycles of dynein arm attachment, generation of force and detachment on the B subunit. The binding of the axoneme is the result of the presence of a resistance to the microtubule sliding generated by dynein.
Dyneins on the two sides of the central pair apparatus are regulated in an opposite way by an activation/disactivation game made by the radialspoke-central pair apparatus, that regulates the flagellar bending. Sperm motility is regulated by several pathways and the most important are the Calcium pathway and the PKA pathway. This pathwaysinvolve ions, adenylyl cyclase, cAMP, membrane channels and phosphorylations.
The first event is the activation of a Na + /HCO3 − (NBC) co-transporter and the regulation of HCO3 − /Cl − by SLC26 transporters, that bring to an increase in HCO3 − levels.
The second event is the activation of an Na + /H + exchanger and of the proton channel Hv-1, that leads to an increase in pH levels.
These increase in HCO3 − and pH levels bring to the activation of the CatSper channel, a sperm membrane specific calcium channel. CatSperm can be activated also by progesterone and albumine. CatSper, once activated, opens and let free calcium entrance inside the cell, with a global increase in calcium intracellular levels.
Together, the increase in HCO3 − , pH and calcium leads to the activation of a soluble adenylyl cyclase (SAC or SACY), that increases the production of cAMP and brings to the activation of PKA, a protein kinase that phosphorylates several tyrosine kinases and leads to a phosphorylation cascade that ends with the phosphorylation of the axonemal dynein and the start of flagellar movement. [8]
Sperm DNA damage is common in infertile men . [9] About 31% of men with sperm motility defects have high levels of sperm DNA fragmentation . [10]
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Sperm motility : normal and low motility explained
1. Cooper, T. G., et al. (2010). World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics. Human reproduction update, 16(3), 231-245. https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/infertility/cooper_et_al_hru.pdf
2. https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/27/9/2799/624878
3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17462053/
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For fertilization to happen, individual sperm needs to be able to move or ‘swim’ effectively so it can actually reach the egg. This movement is referred to as sperm motility. Read on to find out more about what sperm motility is, and how it affects male fertility. Plus, find out what happens if you or your partner have low sperm motility, what causes it, and what lifestyle changes can improve it.
For sperm to fertilize an egg, it needs to move. Sperm moves in a wriggling, swimming motion, which helps it go through a woman’s cervix, uterus, and fallopian tube to reach the egg.
When we talk about sperm motility, we are referring to how well the individual sperm swims—essentially the movement and speed of the sperm cells.
A Basic Semen Analysis (BSA) measures the major factors of sperm health, like sperm count, sperm concentration, and sperm motility. The results of a sperm analysis can reveal what percentage of the sperm moves, and how. These are the different types of motility that you might see in a BSA analysis:
The causes of low sperm motility—known in medical terms as asthenozoospermia or asthenospermia—are in many cases unexplained, but age and damage to the testicles can also be a reason. The testicles make sperm cells and store them, so any damage to them can affect sperm quality.
A study from 2021 2 also found that the risk for low sperm motility increased for men who:
A routine semen analysis (BSA) can include a test for sperm motility. For this test, two semen samples are needed, usually obtained via masturbation at the doctor’s office or the testing facility.
It’s important that intercourse or masturbation does not take place in the 48 hours before the sample is collected, and that abstinence of sex or masturbation not be more than seven days.
If the sample is taken at home, it is recommended not to use a condom or lubricant while collecting the sample, and it’s important to keep the sample warm—close to body temperature—otherwise sperm won’t survive. Deliver the sample to the testing facility or doctor’s office as soon as possible, as testing must take place within an hour of ejaculation.
When total motility is below 40%, this is considered low sperm motility.
Although 90% of male infertility is caused by low sperm count, poor sperm motility is an important factor.
Low sperm motility is another cause of male infertility . Getting pregnant with low sperm motility can be difficult, as having sperm that cannot swim to the egg means the egg cannot be fertilized.
If you or your partner are diagnosed with low sperm motility, it’s best you talk to your doctor, as there may be an underlying medical condition like varicocele (when veins inside the scrotum become enlarged).
If an underlying medical issue is the cause, treatment will be very specific to your case.
There are, however, some lifestyle changes you can make that may help increase overall sperm and fertility health, including:
According to the World Health Organization, the normal total motility of sperm is 40 to 81% 3 .
A healthy lifestyle can help with overall sperm health, so, for example, quit smoking and reduce your alcohol intake, but if you have low sperm motility talk to a doctor because the treatment they recommend will be very specific to one’s personal situation.
Yes, sperm motility above 40%—which means that 40% of a man’s sperm is motile—is considered normal.
No, motile sperm is needed for a sperm to be able to reach and fertilize the egg.
Low sperm motility doesn’t mean a man has no motile sperm, for example 30% sperm motility means 30% of the sperm is motile, and only one is needed to fertilize the egg. Saying that, it may be harder to conceive with lower sperm motility because the chances are reduced, but it’s not impossible.
Home sperm check kits are available and may check sperm count or sperm count and motility. These kits, however, may not be available where you live. Please check locally for availability.
Sperm motility is an important factor to consider when talking about male fertility because having sperm that can swim forward to reach the egg is crucial for conception to take place. There are tests your doctor can order to assess your sperm motility.
Sperm motility of more than 40% is considered normal, and the higher the percentage the more sperm there are that can swim to meet the egg. Low sperm motility is when 40% or fewer sperm can swim forward to meet the egg. This does not mean conception is impossible, but it may be harder.
If you or your partner have low sperm motility, your doctor will be able to help diagnose the underlying cause and recommend the appropriate treatment, but a few lifestyle changes like giving up smoking or cutting down on alcohol could help with overall sperm health.
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By CNY Fertility Updated on January 28, 2022
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Simply put, sperm motility refers to the ability of sperm to move or “swim.” Healthy sperm move forward with a progression of at least 25 micrometers per second.
However, for many of us, our sperm just aren’t as healthy as they should be so if you’re sitting there wondering how to increase your sperm motility, don’t fret just yet.
There are indeed many natural ways you can support healthy sperm motility. In this article, we will dig into the foods to eat , supplements to take, and lifestyle changes you can make to support healthy sperm motility.
Sperm motility is a measure of how well sperm move with forward progression. For traditional pregnancy to occur, sperm must wiggle and swim through a woman’s cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes to reach the egg. Naturally, sperm motility is one of several parameters measured in a semen analysis used to measure sperm health.
If a high percentage of a man’s sperm don’t move forward efficiently, the chances of sperm reaching the egg and fertilization occurring are lower. A lower chance of fertilization equates to lower chances of achieving pregnancy.
In a man with normal fertility, one ejaculate of semen contains 10s of millions of sperm. However, not all of those sperm are expected to be completely healthy.
For an ejaculated sample to be considered
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