Sperm Extractor
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Sperm Extractor
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Microscopic testicular sperm extraction (microTESE) is a procedure that takes sperm directly from the testicular tissue of a man’s reproductive system. If a man can't release or make enough healthy sperm naturally, this medical procedure may be recommended for fertility reasons (to enable the man to father a child).
American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Surgical Techniques for Sperm Retrieval: What Should I Know? (http://www.reproductivefacts.org/news-and-publications/patient-fact-sheets-and-booklets/fact-sheets-and-info-booklets/surgical-techniques-for-sperm-retrieval-what-should-i-know/) Accessed 5/6/2021.
American Urological Association. What is Sperm Retrieval? (https://www.urologyhealth.org/urologic-conditions/sperm-retrieval) Accessed 5/6/2021.
Spahovic H, Alic J, Göktolga Ü, et al. "Second-look" Micro Testicular Sperm Extraction (MicroTESE) in Patients with Non-obstructive Azoospermia Following Histopathological Analysis. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7520053/) Med Arch . 2020;74(4):279-284. doi:10.5455/medarh.2020.74.279-284. Accessed 5/6/2021.
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Microscopic testicular sperm extraction (microTESE) is a procedure that takes sperm directly from the testicular tissue of a man’s reproductive system . If a man can't release or make enough healthy sperm naturally, this medical procedure may be recommended for fertility reasons (to enable the man to father a child). The testicular tissue is found in the two testes, where the sperm is made. The testes are found inside the scrotum, the small sac behind and under the penis.
The goals of the microTESE procedure are to:
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Infertility is a disease of the reproductive system that makes it difficult for the body to perform the basics of reproduction. It affects both men and women. Most infertility cases are treated with medication or surgery.
Male infertility in its most severe form may be caused by a condition known as nonobstructive azoospermia (the man does not produce sperm), or by obstructive azoospermia (sperm is produced, but blocked, and can't be released from the body).
Many times, the causes of infertility are unexplained. Sometimes, the difficulties may be from a genetic disease such as cystic fibrosis, a birth defect, a medical problem, or the result of an earlier treatment that may cause infertility (such as certain cancer treatments). In other cases, we do not know what the cause of the infertility is, but we still have treatments that may help.
If a couple is unable to conceive a child after several months of trying without birth control, they should see a doctor. If the woman is older than 35, the couple should see a doctor sooner. Your healthcare provider will perform a physical exam of both partners to check for any physical issues that may be causing infertility. The provider will also ask many questions and discuss each person's medical history.
The following tests may also be recommended or ordered to evaluate male fertility:
In-home testing kits may be available for semen analysis. Ask the doctor for more information.
Semen analysis will give the doctor necessary information to help assess fertility and create a treatment plan. The tests should show some of the following:
Microscopic testicular sperm extraction is usually performed on a man who is infertile and has no sperm in his ejaculation ( azoospermia ).
A urologist, a doctor who specializes in the male and female urinary tract and male reproductive organs, typically performs the procedure by making a few small cuts in the testicle and removing a small amount of tissue. Once the tissue is removed from the body, it is examined under a microscope to look for sperm. If found, the sperm can be used right away to fertilize an egg, or the sperm cells can be frozen, stored and then thawed at a later time to be used for infertility treatment.
The procedure is usually performed in the operating room with the patient under general anesthesia. A single incision is made in the middle of the scrotum. A microscope is used to help see the fine tubules of the testis that may contain sperm. All sutures (stitches) that are used dissolve on their own. The patient is able to go home the day of the procedure, and should be able to resume normal activities within one to two weeks.
Possible risks of the microTESE procedure include bleeding, infection, and pain or discomfort after the procedure. There is a very rare chance that the testicle itself will be damaged during the procedure.
When possible, any extra sperm retrieved during testicular sperm extraction should be frozen to preserve the sperm and avoid further procedures.
Although freezing the sperm may have some negative effects, medical experts believe that the outcome is generally the same as using non-frozen sperm in fertility procedures such as intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), a type of in vitro fertilization injecting one sperm directly into one egg. In vitro fertilization is a procedure in which a sperm and an egg are fertilized outside of the body, in a laboratory. The fertilized egg is then placed in the female’s uterus.
If the microTESE procedure needs to be repeated, it is usually best to wait six to 12 months.
Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 05/07/2021.
Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services.
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Sperm harvesting is entirely different from a diagnostic testicular biopsy because, in this setting, the goal is not to identify what is happening in the testis but instead it is to find sperm. Only men with no sperm in their ejaculate ( azoospermia ) need to have sperm retrieved directly from the testis or epididymis. This may involve a simple aspiration for men who have a blockage or require much more extensive sampling of the testis for men who have a sperm production problem. As a result, there is a significant difference in the amount of time it takes, the need for anesthesia and the equipment utilized. Very few tests allow for an accurate prediction of whether or not sperm will be found in the testes of men with testicular problems. Genetic testing may give insight into the chance of finding sperm but are not absolute. The pattern of the problem of the testis found at the time of a diagnostic testicular biopsy may be slightly predictive, but again there is no finding that absolutely predicts the presence or absence of sperm. Other blood tests, including hormonal studies, are not predictive. Finally, even having sperm found on a previous harvesting session does not guarantee that sperm will be found on future harvesting attempts. Thus, diagnostic testicular biopsy is not routinely performed in patients who are to undergo testicular harvesting of sperm when the cause of their zero sperm count is already established through other means.
The timing of sperm harvesting in conjunction with the in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycle is a difficult matter to resolve. There are advantages for and against doing the sperm harvesting prior to the IVF cycle or in conjunction with the harvesting of the female partner’s eggs. The ultimate decision is made by the preference of the IVF program. Performing the harvesting in advance and freezing the sperm until the eggs are harvested allows the couple to make an informed decision about whether to go forward with IVF, since in most circumstances the chance of finding sperm may be only 60 percent or less.
Moreover, it is difficult for many couples to undergo operative procedures the same day because it requires their enlisting other resources to help them get to and from the hospital and to provide assistance at home. IVF laboratories frequently prefer to work with fresh rather than frozen sperm and thus their desire to have fresh sperm trumps any other consideration.
As a result, simple sperm retrievals are typically performed the day of egg retrieval . Simple sperm retrievals are procedures performed in men with a known obstruction who make sperm without a problem. These procedures are summarized below, and include testicular sperm aspiration (TESA), percutaneous sperm aspiration (PESA) and testicular sperm extraction (TESE).
Microdissection TESE (MicroTESE) is a much more involved procedure and is performed the day before the female partner’s egg retrieval. MicroTESE is carefully coordinated with the reproductive endocrinologist and is performed at designated times on a quarterly basis.
There are numerous ways to harvest sperm from a man with normal sperm production and a blockage. The simplest and most cost-effective is an aspiration of sperm. This is routinely performed under local anesthesia and takes approximately 10 minutes.
Harvesting sperm from a man with a testicular problem is much more difficult and often takes several hours. The ideal procedure, microTESE, is performed with the aid of a surgical microscope whereby the chances of finding sperm are increased and the amount of tissue taken out of the testis can be minimized.
It is important to understand that the microscope utilized in the operating room does not have sufficient magnification to see sperm but instead just helps sort out which tubules within the testis are more likely to contain sperm. Small amounts of tissue are sent to the IVF laboratory during the course of the procedure so that they can assess whether sufficient numbers of sperm have been harvested. A more powerful microscope is used by the IVF laboratory to evaluate this tissue. Repeated biopsies from one or both testes are obtained until sufficient sperm has been harvested for that IVF cycle. Extra sperm may be harvested to preserve for future cycles of IVF in case the current cycle is unsuccessful or the couple desires more children in the future. This procedure can take as long as four hours depending upon how quickly sperm are found.
Here is a summary of the procedures available for sperm harvesting:
TESA is a procedure performed for men who are having sperm retrieved for IVF/ICSI. It is done with local anesthesia in the operating room or office and is coordinated with their female partner’s egg retrieval. A needle is inserted in the testicle and tissue/sperm are aspirated. TESA is performed for men with obstructive azoospermia (s/p vasectomy). Occasionally, TESA doesn’t provide enough tissue/sperm and an open testis biopsy is needed.
PESA is a procedure performed for men who are having sperm retrieved for IVF/ICSI who have obstructive azoospermia from either a prior vasectomy or infection. It is done with local anesthesia in the operating room or office and is coordinated with their female partner’s egg retrieval.
TESE involves making a small incision in the testis and examining the tubules for the presence of sperm. It is either done as a scheduled procedure or is coordinated with their female partner’s egg retrieval. TESE is usually performed in the operating room with sedation, but can be performed in the office with local anesthesia alone . Patients usually cryopreserve sperm during this procedure for future IVF/ICSI. MicroTESE has replaced this as the optimal form of retrieval for men with no sperm in their ejaculate (azoospermia) from a problem with production.
MESA is a procedure performed for men who have vasal or epididymal obstruction (s/p vasectomy, congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens). It is either done as a scheduled procedure or is coordinated with their female partner’s egg retrieval. MESA is performed in the operating room with general anesthesia utilizing the operating microscope. Patients usually cryopreserve sperm during this procedure for future IVF/ICSI. MESA allows for an extensive collection of mature sperm as compared to aspiration techniques, and it is the preferred method of retrieval for men with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens as it does not impact steroid production of the testis.
MicroTESE is a procedure performed for men who have a sperm production problem and are azoospermic. MicroTESE is performed in the operating room with general anesthesia under the operating microscope. MicroTESE is carefully coordinated with the female partner’s egg retrieval, and is performed the day before egg retrieval. This allows for each partner to be there for the other’s procedure. Patients frequently have donor sperm backup in case sperm are not found in the male partner. MicroTESE has significantly improved sperm retrieval rates in azoospermic men, and is a safer procedure since less testicular tissue is removed. Patients cryopreserve sperm during this procedure for future IVF/ICSI.
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Focusing on clinical cancer research and population health
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